Title Page

Abstract

Contents

1. Introduction 12

1.0. Introduction to Constructed Wetlands 12

1.1. Research Questions 14

1.2. Research Objectives 14

1.3. Significance of the Study 15

2. Literature Review 16

2.1. introduction 16

2.2. Components of a Constructed Wetland 17

2.3. Advantages and disadvantages of CWs 19

Advantages of constructed wetlands 19

Disadvantages of constructed wetlands 19

2.3.1. How do the CWs work? 20

2.3.2. Vegetation 21

2.4. Types of Constructed Wetlands 22

2.4.1. Free water Surface constructed wetlands 22

2.4.2. Systems with free-floating macrophytes 23

2.4.3. Water hyacinth 25

2.4.4. Duckweed 26

2.4.5. Other free-floating macrophytes 28

2.4.6. Systems with floating-leaved macrophytes 29

2.4.7. Systems with submerged macrophytes 29

2.4.8. Systems with emergent macrophytes A typical free water surface constructed wetland (FWS CW) with emergent macrophytes 30

2.4.9. Municipal wastewater 31

2.4.10. Stormwater runoff 32

2.4.11. Systems floating mats of emergent plant 33

2.5. Sub-surface systems 34

2.5.1. Horizontal flow 36

2.5.2. Downflow 37

2.5.3. Up flow 40

2.5.4. Hybrid systems 41

2.5.5. Zero discharge systems 42

2.5.6. Sustainable Applications of Constructed Wetlands 44

2.6. Constructed Wetlands in the Context of Egypt 45

2.7. Case Studies of Constructed Wetlands in Egypt 46

2.8. Benefits of Constructed Wetlands for Egypt's Ecosystem 48

2.9. Challenges in Implementing Constructed Wetlands in Egypt 49

2.10. Constructed Wetlands and Egypt's Sustainable Development Goals 49

3. Research and Methodology 51

3.1. constructed wetland projects (the Egyptian experience and applications) 52

3.2. Data collection 52

3.3. Potential Limitations 52

3.4. Ethical Considerations 53

3.5. Significance of the Study 53

3.6. comparison between the three cases 54

4. Finding and Discussion 56

4.1. What is the Bahr el baqar? 56

4.2. Sydney Park Water Reuse Project 59

4.3. Treatment and Reuse of Decentralized Wastewater through Constructed Wetlands in Egypt 61

4.4. The factors that affect the type of constructed wetland 63

4.4.1. Applicable area 63

4.4.2. Type of soil 64

4.4.3. Sealing bed 65

4.4.4. Temperature 66

4.4.5. Treatment level of wastewater 66

4.4.6. Type of wastewater treatment 66

4.5. Classification of the areas in Egypt and River Nile 68

4.5.1. Egypt Landform 68

4.5.2. The River Nile 69

4.5.3. The Geological Features and Soil Map of Egypt 70

4.6. DISCUSSION 73

1. CAIRO 73

2. NORTH SINAI 75

3. ISMAILA 76

4. DAKAHLIA 76

5. BENI SUEF 77

6. SHARM EL - SHEIKH 78

7. BAHEIRA 79

5. Conclusion 80

Potential of Constructed Wetlands 81

Establishing A Circular Economy In The Use Of Wastewater 82

Climate Adaptation 83

References 85

국문초록 94

Figure 1. (2.1) shows the free floating macrophytes 24

Figure 2. (2.2) shows the hyacinth 26

Figure 3. (2.3) shows the basin of the duckweed 28

Figure 4. (2.4) shows the Pistia stratiotes 29

Figure 1. fig (2.5) shows the three types of plants used 31

Figure 2. fig (2.6) shows the Municipal wastewater 32

Figure 3. fig (2.7) shows a diagram for storm run off 33

Figure 4. fig (2.8) shows the floating mats 34

Figure 9. shows the Horizontal flow type 37

Figure 5. fig (2.10) shows down flow vertical-flow constructed wetland 40

Figure 6. fig (2.11) shows up vertical-flow constructed wetland 41

Figure 7. fig (2.12) shows horizontal vertical Hybrid systems 42

Figure 8. fig (2.13) shows horizontal vertical Hybrid systems 44

Figure 9,10. Fig (3.1) shows the lay out of the station 58

Figure 11,12. fig (3.2) shows the cross section for the Sydney parks 61

Figure 13. fig (4.1) shows the river Nile 69

Figure 14. (4.2) the geological map for Egypt 71

Fig. (4.3) shows a map for Egypt show the area with suitable of types of constructed wetlands 73