Title Page

Contents

ABSTRACT 8

Chapter 1. Introduction 10

Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 12

Section 1. Animals 12

Section 2. Surgery for NP 14

Section 3. Assessment of NP 15

Section 4. Microglial activity 17

Section 5. Cytokines 19

Section 6. Gut microbiota analysis 20

Section 7. Statistics 21

Chapter 3. Results 22

Section 1. Assessment of Neuropathic pain (allodynia) 23

Section 2. Microglial activity 26

Section 3. Cytokines 27

Section 4. Gut microbiota 30

Chapter 4. Discussion 33

Chapter 5. Conclusion 38

References 39

국문초록 45

Figure 1. Flow chart 22

Figure 2-1. Mechanical allodynia (Contralateral) 23

Figure 2-2. Mechanical allodynia (Ipsilateral) 24

Figure 2-3. Cold allodynia (Contralateral) 24

Figure 2-4. Cold allodynia (Ipsilateral) 25

Figure 3. Microglial activity 26

Figure 4-1. TNF-α 28

Figure 4-2. IL-1β 28

Figure 4-3. IL-4 29

Figure 4-4. IL-10 29

Figure 5-1. Firmicutes 31

Figure 5-2. Bacteroidetes 32

Figure 5-3. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio 32