Title Page

요약

ABSTRACT

Contents

1. Introduction 17

2. Experimental 19

2.1. Manufacturing of battery systems 19

2.1.1. Preparation of V6O13 electrode[이미지참조] 19

2.1.2. Battery fabrication 20

2.2. Characterization 21

2.3. Electrochemical measurements 22

3. Results and discussion 23

3.1. Characteristics of anode and cathode material 23

3.1.1. Analysis of cathode material 23

3.2. Electrochemical characteristic of aqueous aluminum ion batteries 30

3.2.1. Electrochemical characteristic of anode material 30

3.2.2. Electrochemical characteristic of cathode material 32

3.2.3. Electrochemical full cell test 34

3.2.4. Electrochemical full cell test using non-aqueous electrolyte. 39

3.2.5. galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis 42

3.3. Mechanism of aqueous aluminum ion batteries 44

3.3.1. Changes in the oxidation of electrode and charge carriers 44

3.3.2. Movement of crystal water within the layered framework 45

3.3.3. Diagnosis of deterioration and detection of by-product. 52

3.4. Scheme of operating cell of aqueous aluminum ion batteries and SEM image of anode. 53

4. Conclusions 55

5. References 57

Figure 3.1.1. Prepared V6O13 cathode materials. (a) SEM image of the as-prepared sample. (b) High resolution TEM image and SAED pattern image. (c)...[이미지참조] 25

Figure 3.1.2. Prepared V6O13 cathode materials of XRD data[이미지참조] 26

Figure 3.1.3. Prepared V6O13 cathode materials of structure analysis of V 2p XPS spectra.[이미지참조] 26

Figure 3.1.4. (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and (b) corresponding XRD data before annealing 27

Figure 3.1.5. (a) SEM image of pristine zinc foil and (b) Zn-Al alloy after first charged state. 29

Figure 3.2.1. (a) Voltage hysteresis of the Al/3M Al (OTF)₃/Al (blue) and Zn-Al/3M Al (OTF)3/Zn-Al (red) symmetrical cell at a current density of 0.2mA... 31

Figure 3.2.2. (a) CV curves of the V6O13 as cathode in 3M Al (OTF)₃ aqueous electrolyte for the three-electrode system. (b) Galvanostatic discharge and...[이미지참조] 33

Figure 3.2.3. (a) Galvanostatic discharge and charge curve at 0.2A g-1. (e) Cycle performance at 3 A g-1 current rate.[이미지참조] 36

Figure 3.2.4. (a) CV curves with a scan rate of 0.1 mV s-1 with Zn-Al/3M Al(OTF)₃/Alx Zny V6O13nH₂O (black) and Zn/Al(OTF)₃ /Mo (blue). (b) CV...[이미지참조] 37

Figure 3.2.5. Electrochemical performance of aqueous aluminum ion battery within the potential range of 0.4-1.1 V. (a), (c), (e), (g) Cyclic performance of... 38

Figure 3.2.6. Electrochemical performance of symmetric cells. Voltage hysteresis of the Zn-Al/0.5M Al(OTF)₃/Zn-Al symmetrical cell in acetonitrile... 40

Figure 3.2.7. (f) Cycle performance of Zn-Al/0.5M Al(OTF)₃ /AlxZnyV6O13 rechargeable non-aqueous battery and Zn-Al/3M Al(OTF)₃ /AlxZnyV6O13...[이미지참조] 41

Figure 3.2.8. GITT profile and corresponding diffusion coefficient data for Zn-Al/3M Al (OTF)₃ /AlxZnyV6O13nH₂O cell.[이미지참조] 43

Figure 3.3.1. (a) XPS data of charged state of the zinc foil at Al 2p region. XPS data of charged and discharged state of the V6O13 at (b) V 2p region, (c) Al 2p...[이미지참조] 47

Figure 3.3.2. Ex situ TGA results for pristine, OCV, discharged and charged state of the V6O13 electrode.[이미지참조] 48

Figure 3.3.3. Solid state ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of fully charged and discharge state of the V6O13 electrode.[이미지참조] 49

Figure 3.3.4. Discharge and charge curves at 0.2 Ag-1 in AAIB (d) Corresponding ex situ XRD patterns of the V6O13 electrode at different...[이미지참조] 50

Figure 3.3.5. Ex situ XRD patterns of the zinc electrode. (g) Ex situ XRD patterns of 0.5M Al (OTF)₃/acetonitrile, 3M Al (OTF)₃/water, 0.98M H₂SO₄... 51

Figure 3.4.1. Scheme of aqueous aluminum ion batteries. 54