Title page
Contents
Foreword 2
Executive summary 5
1. Introduction 7
2. New perspectives: How the digital environment transforms the enjoyment of human rights 10
Right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds 11
Privacy 14
Keeping individuals safe online: the right to life, right to security of person, and human dignity 20
Human rights and digital divides: education and health 25
3. New frontiers: How technological developments affect the exercise and protection of human rights 30
Artificial intelligence (AI) 30
Immersive environments 33
Privacy-enhancing technologies 36
Neurotechnologies 37
4. New developments: How institutions and organisations evolve to promote the protection and enforcement of human rights in the digital age 41
Digital public policy developments 41
The role of the private sector 47
5. Conclusions: policy considerations for promoting human rights in the digital age 52
Annex A. Stock-taking of initiatives to promote and protect human rights in the digital age 55
Domestic policy initiatives 55
Regional and international policy initiatives 56
National and international organisational developments 57
References 59
Notes 88
Boxes
Box 1. OECD workshops on human rights in the digital age 9
Box 2. Digital identity and human rights 19
Box 3. Emerging online safety regulators 43