Title page
Contents
Foreword 2
Executive summary 3
1. Introduction 6
2. Scope, methodology and research design 12
3. Updated commonalities, developments and trends in the popular services' approaches to TVEC 16
4. Updated commonalities, developments and trends in the intensive services' approaches to TVEC 34
5. Enacted and emerging TVEC-related laws and regulations 40
6. Conclusion 54
Annex A. Global Top 50 Most Popular Online Content-Sharing Services 55
Annex B. Profiles of the Top 50 Services 60
Annex C. The Global Top 50 TVEC-intensive Services 297
Annex D. Profiles of the Top 50 TVEC-intensive 299
Annex E. Definitions 373
References 374
Endnotes 397
Table 3.1. Popular services' approaches to defining TVEC and related concepts 17
Table 3.2. Popular services that issue transparency reports with TVEC-specific information 21
Table 3.3. Convergence in six aspects of TVEC transparency reporting 25
Table 3.4. Regulatory-specific transparency reports issued by popular services 28
Table 3.5. Popular services' approaches to content moderation 29
Table 3.6. Popular services' approaches to notifications and appeals 31
Table 4.1. TVEC definitions in intensive services' governing documents 35
Table 4.2. Intensive services' content moderation approaches 36
Table 4.3. Intensive services' notifications and appeals mechanisms 37
Table 4.4. Intensive services that issue transparency reports with TVEC-specific information 38
Figure 4.1. Overlap between the popular and intensive services lists 34
Boxes
Box 1. Trends in terrorist and violent extremist use of the internet (Q1-Q2 2021) 7