Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 4
Executive summary 7
1. Introduction 10
2. Measuring AI exposure and skills in job vacancies 13
2.1. Measuring AI exposure with advances in the capabilities of artificial intelligence 13
2.2. Capturing skill demands from the universe of online job vacancies 15
2.3. Slightly less than one-third of vacancies in Canada are highly exposed to AI 19
3. Occupational skill demand and AI exposure in Canada 22
3.1. Management, communication and digital skills are the most demanded skills in occupations with high AI exposure 22
3.2. For high-exposure occupations, demand for emotional, social and language skills have increased the most over the past decade 24
3.3. Co-ordination and self-rigour are among the social and emotional skills that have increased in demand 26
4. Changing skill demands due to establishment-level AI exposure 29
4.1. Comparing similar establishments who differ only in their exposure to AI 29
4.2. Establishments more exposed to AI are associated with increasing demand for language and social skills, as well as skills most often associated with production... 31
4.3. When comparing Canada to other OECD countries, the increase in demand for social skills is particularly strong 33
4.4. Increasing demand for production and physical skills is found across countries, and is especially strong in Canada 34
4.5. The decline in demand for business, clerical and management skills is consistent across countries 35
References 37
Annex A. Additional tables and figures 40
Annex B. O*NET+ combined ONET-ESCO classification 46
Table 2.1. High-skilled occupations are the most exposed to artificial intelligence 15
Table 2.2. The most demanded occupations by AI exposure group in Canada, 2021-22 20
Table 3.1. The skill groups in highest demand by intensity of AI exposure, 2021-22 23
Table 3.2. The Lightcast skill groupings find that programming and financial skills are the most demanded in high-exposure occupations 23
Figure 1. The most demanded skills in occupations with high AI exposure are management, communication and digital skills, but social, emotional and language... 8
Figure 2. More exposed establishments also demand more social and communication skills in Canada 9
Figure 2.1. The share of vacancies by exposure to artificial intelligence, 2021-22 19
Figure 2.2. The share of vacancies demanding AI skills by exposure to artificial intelligence, 2021-22 21
Figure 3.1. Among high-exposure occupations, emotional and social skills have seen some of the largest increases in demand 25
Figure 3.2. Demand for administrative skills has increased the most among high-exposure occupations 26
Figure 3.3. Demand for co-ordination skills has increased the most among rising demand for social skills 27
Figure 3.4. Demand for self-management and rigour has increased the most among rising demand for emotional skills 28
Figure 4.1. Languages, cognitive skills and skills associated with production workers have seen increasing demand in establishments more exposed to AI 32
Figure 4.2. Canada has the strongest positive association between higher AI exposure and increasing demand for social skills 33
Figure 4.3. Canada is the only country to have higher demand for cognitive skills associated with higher AI exposure 34
Figure 4.4. Greater demand for production and technology skills signals potential complementarities with AI 35
Figure 4.5. As with every other country, higher establishment-level AI exposure is associated with declining demand for administrative and clerical skills in Canada 36
Boxes
Box 2.1. Mapping Lightcast skills to uniform O*NET+ groupings 18
Annex Tables
Table A A.1. Share of vacancies demanding at least one skill from each major grouping in occupation sample in Canada, 2012-13 (base) and 2021-22 (end) 40
Table A A.2. Share of vacancies demanding at least one skill from each major grouping in establishment sample in Canada, 2012-13 (base) and 2021-22 (end) 43
Table A A.3. Regression coefficients for the percentage point change in demand for skill groupings and establishment-level AI exposure, by country and skill grouping 45
Table A B.1. The O*NET+ taxonomy 46
Annex Figures
Figure A A.1. Demand for co-ordination skills has increased the most among rising demand for social skills 41
Figure A A.2. Demand for self-management and motivation has increased the most among rising demand for emotional skills 42
Figure A A.3. Regression coefficients for the percentage point change in demand for skill groupings from establishment-level AI exposure in Canada, by Lightcast ... 44