Title page
Contents
Summary 2
Introduction 5
U.S. Sanctions on Russia: A Key Policy Tool 5
Use of Economic Sanctions to Further Foreign Policy and National Security Objectives 6
Role of the President 8
Role of Congress 9
Sanctions Implementation 10
Coordination with Allies and Partners 10
U.S. Sanctions on Russia 11
Sanctions Related to Russia's War Against Ukraine 11
Sanctions Introduced Between 2014 and 2022 11
Sanctions Introduced After Russia's 2022 Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine 12
Specially Designated Nationals 15
Non-SDN Lists 18
Export Controls 18
Other Sanctions Related to Russia's War Against Ukraine 19
Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities 20
Sanctions Authorities 20
Related Actions 22
Human Rights Abuses and Corruption 24
Sanctions Authorities 24
Related Actions 26
Use of a Chemical Weapon 27
CBW Act Sanctions 27
Poisoning of Sergei Skripal 29
Poisoning of Alexei Navalny 30
Nord Stream 2: Energy Exports as a Coercive or Political Tool 31
Other Sanctions Programs 32
Weapons Proliferation 33
North Korea Sanctions Violations 34
Syria-Related Sanctions 34
Venezuela-Related Sanctions 35
Transnational Crime 35
International Terrorism 36
Restrictions on U.S. Government Funding 36
Outlook 38
Appendix A. Legislative Abbreviations and Short Titles 40
Appendix B. Sanctions in Selected Russia-Related Legislation 41
Author Information 43
Disclaimer 43
Table 1. Specially Designated Nationals (SDNs) Related to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine 17