Title page
Contents
Abstract 4
Introduction 7
About the Programme for International Student Assessment 9
Effective career development 10
Efficient career development 12
Equitable career development 14
References 18
Annex A. Explanatory notes 20
Annex B. Additional tables 21
Table 1. Data availability in PISA 2022 in relation to longitudinal career development predictors of better employment outcomes for youth 10
Table 2. Exploring potential futures in work (career development activities) 21
Table 3. How often do students talk to their parents/family members about their future education? 22
Table 4. Percentage of students participating in exploring potential futures in work, by student characteristic 23
Table 5. How often do students talk to their parents/family members about their future education? By student characteristic 28
Table 6. How many students have completed an internship? 30
Table 7. How many students have completed an internship? By student characteristic 31
Table 8. Perceptions of career preparation 33
Table 9. Perceptions of career preparation, by student characteristic 34
Table 10. Career certainty in students 40
Table 11. Career certainty in students, by student characteristic 41
Table 12. Career expectations of students (10 most popular expectations) 42
Table 13. Career expectations of students (10 most popular expectations), by student characteristic 43
Table 14. Career ambition of students 48
Table 15. Career ambition of students, student characteristic 49
Table 16. How many students expect to pursue tertiary education? 50
Table 17. How many students expect to pursue tertiary education? By student characteristic 50
Table 18. Career concentration of students 51
Table 19. Career ambition of students, student characteristic 51
Table 20. Career ambition of students by level of performance in mathematics 52
Table 21. Career ambition of students by top- and bottom- performers in mathematics, by student characteristic 53
Table 22. How many students expect to pursue tertiary education? By level of performance in mathematics 54
Table 23. Career ambition of students, student characteristic 55
Table 24. Student career ambitions and actual labour market segmentation 56
Table 25. English student interest in professional careers, by student characteristic 57
Table 26. English student interest in skilled trades, by student characteristic 58
Table 27. Misalignment between career expectations and educational plans 59
Table 28. Misalignment between career expectations and educational plans, by student characteristic 59
Table 29. Career expectations of students (2015, 2018 & 2022) 60
Table 30. Career expectations of students (2015, 2018 & 2022), by student characteristic 61
Table 31. Student participation in career development activities (2018, 2022) 77
Table 32. Student participation in career development activities (2018, 2022), by student characteristic 78
Table 33. How many students have completed an internship? (2018, 2022) 82
Table 34. How many students have completed an internship? (2018, 2022), by student characteristic 83
Table 35. Career certainty in students (2015, 2018 & 2022) 84
Table 36. Career certainty in students (2015, 2018 & 2022), by student characteristic 85
Table 37. Career ambition of students (2015, 2018 & 2022) 86
Table 38. Career ambition of students (2015, 2018 & 2022), by student characteristic 86
Table 39. How many students expect to pursue tertiary education? (2015, 2018 & 2022) 87
Table 40. How many students expect to pursue tertiary education? (2015, 2018 & 2022), by student characteristic 87
Table 41. Misalignment between career expectations and educational plans (2015, 2018 & 2022) 88
Table 42. Misalignment between career expectations and educational plans (2015, 2018 & 2022), by student characteristic 89
Table 43. Relationship between career development activities and career thinking, 2022 90
Table 44. Career expectations in relation to strategically important occupations (2015, 2018 & 2022) 93
Table 45. Career expectations in relation to strategically important occupations (2015, 2018 & 2022), by student characteristic 93
Table 46. Students who participated in three career development activities 96
Figure 1. Comparison of student occupational expectations in England with actual UK labour market distributions. PISA 2022 13
Figure 2. Percentage of young people who participated in a career development activity by ESCS quartile. England. PISA 2022 15
Boxes
Box 1. The career education system in England 8