Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 4
Abbreviations and acronyms 7
Executive summary 9
1. Potential uses for NbS in Hungary 12
1.1. Challenges with water management 12
1.2. Climate change projections in Hungary 13
1.3. Potential role of NbS in tackling environmental challenges 15
2. Status of Nature-based Solutions in Hungary 21
2.1. Growing interest in Nature-based Solutions from Hungarian municipalities 21
2.2. Drivers of NbS uptake in Hungary 23
3. Strengthening the enabling environment for NbS in Hungary 27
3.1. Governance arrangements 28
3.2. Policy environment 32
3.3. Regulatory environment 35
3.4. Technical capacity 43
3.5. Funding and financing mechanisms 46
References 55
Annexe A. Nature-based solutions in policies in Hungary 62
Table 1.1. Selected impacts of climate change on infrastructure in Hungary 14
Table 1.2. Environmental benefits of NbS 16
Table 2.1. European projects related to NbS 22
Table 3.1. Stakeholder engagement across the infrastructure cycle 31
Table 3.2. Key financial instruments for Nature-based Solutions in Hungary 46
Table 3.3. Land value capture (LVC) mechanisms in OECD countries 51
Figure 1.1. Climate change damages in Hungarian municipalities 15
Figure 2.1. Policy goals for green-blue infrastructure considered as important/relevant in the near future 22
Figure 2.2. Hungarian municipalities' motivations for implementing NbS 23
Figure 2.3. Policy priorities to foster NbS in Hungarian counties and municipalities 24
Figure 2.4. Major obstacles for the implementation of NbS in Hungarian counties and municipalities 25
Figure 3.1. Barriers to nature-based solutions 27
Boxes
Box 1.1. NbS in the city of Cape Town, South Africa 17
Box 1.2. Flood protection in high density areas 18
Box 1.3. Nature-based solutions used to improve water quality in the United Kingdom 19
Box 1.4. Reducing urban heat island in Guelma, Algeria 20
Box 3.1. US EPA Green Infrastructure Federal Collaborative 30
Box 3.2. Partnerships with community groups in Singapore 31
Box 3.3. Policies related to nature-based solutions at the national level in Hungary 33
Box 3.4. Spanish Public Procurement Law incentives for Nature-based Solutions 38
Box 3.5. Risk vulnerability assessment in Swedish municipalities 39
Box 3.6. Nantes Saint-Nazaire, France - protecting water and encouraging compact and interconnected communities 40
Box 3.7. Strengthening subnational climate adaptation in the Netherlands through Climate Adaptation City Deals and the Climate Adaptation Incentive Scheme 41
Box 3.8. Introducing permeable materials: Madrid (Spain) and Boston (United States) 42
Box 3.9. Green City, Clean Waters plan, Philadelphia, United States 52
Box 3.10. Payments for ecosystem services to protect groundwater resources in France 54
Annex Tables
Table A A.1. Nature-based Solutions in related national policies 62