Title page
Contents
Summary 2
Introduction 4
DOE Programs and Demonstrations 4
DOE Hydrogen Programs 4
Demonstrations 6
Purpose and Expectations 6
Brief History of Demonstrations 8
Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs 9
Requirements 9
DOE Funding 10
Experience with Hydrogen Projects 10
Early Deployment 10
Hydrogen Demonstration Projects 12
Barriers to Early Deployment 13
Refueling Infrastructure 13
Matching Supply and Demand 14
International Experience 14
Size, Scope, and Scale of Future Hydrogen Hubs 15
Issues for Congress 16
Investment and Sufficient Off-Takers to Consume Hydrogen 16
Appropriate Regulation of Hydrogen Pipelines 17
Sufficient Transmission, Distribution, and Delivery Infrastructure 17
Author Information 18
Acknowledgments 18
Disclaimer 18
Figure 1. Locations of Finalists Announced by DOE for Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs 6
Figure 2. Hydrogen Energy Value Chain 7
Figure 3. Possible Layouts of Hydrogen Hubs 16