Title page
Contents
Summary 2
Introduction 4
U.S. Regulation and Oversight of Gene Editing in Plants 6
U.S. Department of Agriculture 7
Food and Drug Administration 8
Environmental Protection Agency 8
Attempts to Update Federal Biotechnology Regulation: Selected Chronology 9
International Regulation of Gene-Edited Plants 11
Perspectives on Regulating Gene Editing as Genetic Engineering 12
Issues Facing Congress 13
Labeling Disclosure and Standards 13
Efficacy of Regulatory Updates 16
Differences in Regulation and Global Trade 16
Research Investments in Gene Editing 17
Off-Target Effects and Environmental Concerns 18
Author Information 19
Disclaimer 19
Figure 1. Plant Breeding Techniques 5
Figure 2. Primary Legislative Authorities of Federal Regulation of Biotechnology 6
Figure 3. The SECURE Rule Process 7
Figure 4. Disclosure Symbols of the Standard 14