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서지정보양식
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
제출문
액체금속로 개발 과제 구성표
요약문
SUMMARY
표목차
그림목차
목차
제1장 서론 74
제2장 액체금속로 냉각제 안전대책 연구결과 80
제1절 소듐 화재 안전 대책 82
1. 서설 82
2. 소듐 화재 특성 분석 기술 개발 83
가. 풀형 화재 특성 분석 83
(1) 풀형 화재 연소 모델의 비교 분석 84
(2) P₁ 근사법과 S₄ 방법을 이용한 풀형 화재 특성 분석 106
나. 분무형 화재특성연구 127
(1) 분무형 화재의 모델링 128
(2) 연구결과 및 고찰 134
다. 소듐 루프빌딩에서 화재 완화 142
(1) 이론 144
(2) 소듐루프빌딩의 분무형 화재 모델 147
(3) 연구결과 및 고찰 154
3. 중규모 소듐 화재 특성 연구 167
가. 액체금속로 격납용기에 관한 자료 분석 171
(1) 액체금속로 격납용기 형태 171
(2) 액체금속로 격납용기 크기 175
(3) 격납용기 크기 설정 175
나. 소듐 화재 시설 설계시 고려 사항 175
다. 중형 소듐 화재 시험 시설 개념 설계 177
(1) 화재 현상 관련 자료 177
(2) 각국의 소듐 화재 시험시설 185
(3) 개념 설정 189
(4) 개념도 작성 189
라. 중규모 소듐 화재 시험 시설 건조 192
(1) 설계 기준 192
(2) 화재 실험 장치 구성 192
4. 결언 205
기호설명 207
References 210
제2절 소듐/커버개스 순도관리 213
1. 소형 Na-루프의 건조 및 운용 213
가. 소형 Na-루프의 건조 213
(1) 서설 213
(2) 소형 Na-루프의 건조 214
(3) 결언 247
나. 소듐 충전 및 기기 보정 248
(1) 서설 248
(2) 루프 점검 및 소듐 충전 248
(3) 기기 보정 256
(4) 결언 260
다. Plugging Temperature Indicator를 이용한 용융 소듐중 산소 농도의 측정 260
(1) 서설 260
(2) 실험 262
(3) 결과 및 고찰 264
(4) 결언 277
2. 소듐 분석기술 기초 실험 278
가. 서설 278
나. 내용 279
(1) 소듐 분석 기술 279
(2) Cover gas의 정제 282
다. 결언 287
3. Cold trap의 정제해석 및 충전물의 개념설계 289
가. 서설 289
나. 소듐 정화용 cold trap의 정제해석 292
다. 충전물의 개념설계 298
라. 결언 301
References 302
부록 304
제3절 소듐-물 반응현상 해석 310
1. 서설 310
2. 기술 현황 분석 315
가. Helical coil type의 증기발생기에서 소듐-물 반응 사고에 대한 수동보호장치 315
(1) SG vessel의 구성 및 소듐의 운전수위 316
(2) 소듐-물 반응을 완화하는 수동적 방법의 특징 319
(가) 소듐-물 반응시의 자동 배출 시스템 319
(나) 최악의 사고 325
(다) IHX에 대한 수동 보호장치 328
나. 소듐-물 반응 생성물에 대한 subsystem 설계를 위한 사고해석(I) 329
(1) 대규모 개발장치 (LDP, Large Developmental Plant) 330
(2) SWRP subsystem 설계를 위한 접근방법 330
(3) 설계기준 누출 332
(가) 설계기준의 대규모 누출 334
(나) 설계기준의 소량 누출 335
(4) 대규모 누출 평가 335
(가) 열수력 코드 335
(나) 열수력 모델 336
(다) 최대 축적흐름에 대한 누출위치 337
(5) 축적된 유량을 감소시키는 방법 339
(가) 모델의 정밀화 340
(나) 격리밸브의 개폐주기 340
(다) 증기 배출밸브(Relief Valve) 영역 341
(라) 증기발생기 및 시스템에 대한 설계변경 341
(6) 반응생성물에 대한 평가 344
(7) 구조적 평가 345
다. LMFBR SG에서의 설계기준 누출 사고 해석(II) 346
(1) LEAP 코드의 수정 348
(2) SWACS 22) 코드의 수정 349
(3) 대규모 FBR에 대한 해석 351
(가) 플랜트의 기본모형 353
(나) 사고 전파 해석 355
(다) 물 누출속도 계산 357
(라) 초기 Spike 압력 계산 360
(마) 준정상 압력(QSP) 계산 360
3. 소규모 누출현상의 해석 366
가. 서언 366
나. 소듐과 물과의 반응 32)~34) 367
다. 극미량누출 현상의 해석 369
라. Wastage 현상의 해석 374
(1) 개요 374
(2) Wastage에 영향을 주는 인자의 해석 377
(3) Wastage 실험 결과 381
(4) Wastage 방정식 385
마. 극미량 누출현상의 실험적 해석 388
(1) 반응장치의 제작 및 운전 388
(2) 물 누출 실험 390
(3) 실험결과 390
바. DBL과 관련된 R&D[원문불량;p.387] 391
사. 결언 403
4. 대규모 누출 해석 405
가. 반응현상의 해석 405
(1) 압력의 영향 평가 405
(2) 기포 거동 해석 407
나. 코드의 현황 분석 409
(1) 소듐-물 반응의 모델 411
(가) 반응식 411
(나) 반응 속도 414
(다) 기포내의 온도 415
(라) 기포내의 상태 415
(2) 물의 누출율 평가 416
(가) 보수적인 모델 416
(나) 초기 증가 모델 416
(다) 정상 평형 상태 416
다. 초기 압력 스파이크 해석 코드 SPIKE 개발 418
(1) 지배방정식 418
(가) 물질 및 에너지 수지식 418
(나) 수치해석 421
(2) 경계조건 423
(가) pipe fittings 423
(나) 장치 424
(3) 컴퓨터 프로그램 425
(4) 계산 결과 및 고찰 427
(가) 소듐-물 반응특성 427
(나) 경계조건의 평가 430
(다) 타 연구결과와 비교 평가 435
라. 결언 438
5. 소듐-물 반응 특성 해석 시험시설 445
가. 목적 445
나. 서언 445
다. MDP system 447
(1) 추진 방법 447
(2) 실험 개요 449
(3) 시험장치 설계 449
(가) 설계 개념 451
(나) 설계 기준 462
(다) 기본 설계 462
(라) 각 components에 대한 설계상의 문제점 469
라. Pool형 KALIMER System 474
(1) 개요 474
(2) KALIMER 2차 계통의 모사 계산 474
(가) 단순화 및 모델링 474
(나) 계산 결과 및 고찰 478
(3) Scale-down factor 결정 483
(4) 설계 기준 484
(5) 루프 구성 486
(6) 장치 설계, 제작 및 설치 486
마. 결언 505
6. 결론 505
References 508
제4절 물 누출 검출 기술의 개발 515
1. 수소 검출 시스템 기술 515
가. 서설 515
나. 소듐과 물의 반응에 의한 수소량 예측 516
(1) Na/H₂O의 반응 516
(2) 커버 가스의 평형 수소 농도 517
(3) 소듐의 수소 용해도와 NaH의 화학평형 517
(4) H₂/H₂O 변환 비율 519
다. 니켈 박막을 통한 확산 이동현상 519
라. 수소 검출 방법의 검토 521
(1) 평형 모드(equilibrium mode) 521
(2) 동적 모드(dynamic mode) 521
마. 수소 검출 장치와 실험 523
(1) 고농도 수소 검출의 실험 523
(가) 실험준비 523
(나) Ar과 고농도 H₂ 가스 유량제어에 의한 실험 결과 533
(2) 저농도 수소 검출의 실험 535
(가) 실험준비 535
(나) 소듐속의 저농도 수소 검출 특성 실험 결과 537
(다) 커버 가스속의 저농도 수소 검출 특성 실험 결과 552
(3) 노이즈의 관찰 564
(4) 진공 압력의 온도 영향 564
(5) 니켈 박막의 용접과 수명 564
(가) 외국의 수소 검출기 7) membrane 567
(나) 본 실험에서 사용한 membrane[원문불량;p.567] 570
2. 음향 누출 검출 기술 574
가. 서설 574
나. 피동(passive) 음향법 575
(1) 피동 음향법 기술 575
(2) BackGround Noise (BGN)의 원인과 주파수 특성 576
(3) Advanced Processing 기술의 이론적 배경 577
(가) Leak Noise의 신호처리 577
1) Leak noise의 통계학적 특성 577
2) Leak detection 동안의 음향신호처리 578
3) 신호처리방법 578
4) FFT에 대하여 579
(나) 적응 필터(adaptive filter) 587
1) 무작위 신호(random signal)에서의 변수 평가 587
2) 적응필터의 원리 590
3) 적응 노이즈 켄슬러(adaptive noise canceller) 595
가) 참조(reference) 입력을 이용한 잡음성분 제거 596
나) 적응 노이즈 캔슬러의 입출력의 관계 596
다) 필터 계수의 계산 599
라) 실험방법 600
마) 실험결과 600
(다) 패턴 인식 해석(Pattern Recognition Analysis) 602
(4) 음향 검출 시스템의 응답 특성 602
(5) 예비 음향 누출 실험 장치의 설계/제작 604
(가) 장치 개요 605
(나) 장치 규격 605
(다) 계측시스템 617
3. 결언 620
REFERENCES 621
제3장 결론 624
[title page etc.]
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 74
Chapter 2. Results of LMR coolant safety measure 80
I. Sodium fire safety measures 82
A. Introduction 82
B. Analysis of sodium fire characteristics 83
1. Analysis of sodium pool fire characteristics 83
(A) Comparison and analysis of sodium pool fire model 84
(B) Analysis of sodium pool fire characteristics using P₁ approximation and S₄ method 106
2. Analysis of sodium spray fire characteristics 127
(A) Modeling of sodium spray fire 128
(B) Results 134
3. Sodium fire mitigation in sodium loop building 142
(A) Theory 144
(B) Model of sodium spray fire of sodium loop building 147
(C) Results 154
C. Analysis of medium size sodium fire characteristics 167
1. Technical report for LMR containment 171
(A) Technical of LMR containment 171
(B) Type of LMR containment 175
(C) Size of LMR containment 175
2. Basic concerns in sodium fire facility design 175
3. Conceptional design for the medium size sodium fire facility 177
(A) Fire characteristics data of liquid metal 177
(B) Data for medium size sodium fire facility 185
(C) Concept of medium size sodium fire facility 189
4. Construction of medium size sodium fire facility 192
(A) Design basis of the medium size sodium fire facility 192
(B) Organization of medium size sodium fire facility 192
D. Conclusion 205
Nomenclature 207
II. Sodium/Cover gas purification technology 213
A. Construction and operation of small scale sodium loop 213
1. Na-loop construction 213
(A) Introduction 213
(B) Installation of Na-loop 214
(C) Conclusions 247
2. Sodium filling and equipments calibration 248
(A) Introduction 248
(B) Pressure test and sodium filling 248
(C) Calibration of equipments 256
(D) Conclusions 260
3. Measuring of oxygen concentration in liquid sodium with plugging temperature indicator 260
(A) Introduction 260
(B) Experimentation 262
(C) Results and discussions 264
(D) Conclusions 277
B. Preliminary experiment for sodium/cover gas analysis 278
1. Introduction 278
2. Contents of analysis technology 279
(A) Sodium analysis technology 279
(B) Cover gas purification 282
3. Conclusions 287
C. Purification analysis and conceptual design of the packings for a cold trap 289
1. Introduction 289
2. Purification analysis of a cold trap for the sodium cleanup 292
3. Conceptual design of the packings 298
4. Conclusions 301
Appendix A 304
III. The characteristics of sodium-water reaction 310
A. Introduction 310
B. Technical review and background 315
1. Passive protection from unmitigated sodium-water reaction event 315
(A) Composition of the steam generator and sodium operating level 316
(B) Characteristics of the passive method mitigating sodium-water reaction 319
(1) Automatic discharge system during sodium-water reaction 319
(2) Worst accident 325
(3) Passive protection apparatus for the IHX 328
2. Design basis leak analysis for designing the sodium-water reaction products subsystem 329
(A) Large development plant (LDP) 330
(B) Approaching method for design SWRP subsystem 330
(C) Design basis leak 332
(1) Design basis large leak 334
(2) Design basis small leak 335
(D) Estimation of the large leak 335
(1) Thermal hydraulic code 335
(2) Thermal hydraulic model 336
(3) Leak position of the maximum accumulated flow rate 337
(E) Diminishing method of the accumulated flow rate 339
(1) Preciseness of the model 340
(2) Opening period of the isolation valve 340
(3) Zone of the steam relief valve 341
(4) Revision of the design for the SG and system 341
(F) Estimation of the reaction product 344
(G) Structural estimation 345
3. Analysis of design basis leak event in an LMFBR SG 346
(A) Revision of the LEAP code 348
(B) Revision of the SWACS 22) code 349
(C) Analysis of the large FBR 351
(1) Basic model of the plant 353
(2) Analysis of the accident propagation 355
(3) Calculation of the water leak velocity 357
(4) Calculation of the initial spike pressure (ISP) 360
(5) Calculation of the quasi-steady pressure (QSP) 360
C. Analysis of micro and small leaks phenomena 366
1. Introduction 366
2. Reaction of sodium and water 32)~34) 367
3. Analysis of micro-leak phenomena 369
4. Analysis of wastage phenomena 374
(A) Introduction 374
(B) Factors affecting wastage 377
(C) Wastage experimental results in other countries 381
(D) Wastage equation 385
5. Experimental analysis of micro leak phenomena 388
(A) Reaction apparatus 388
(B) Leak experiments 390
(C) Results 390
6. R&D for DBL of each country[원문불량;p.387] 391
7. Conclusion 403
D. Analysis of large scale water leak event 405
1. Assessment of reaction phenomena 405
(A) Transient pressure 405
(B) Bubble behavior 407
2. Codes for analysis of pressure effects 409
(A) Model of sodium-water reaction 411
(1) Reaction stoichiometry 411
(2) Reaction rate 414
(3) Temperature of bubble 415
(4) Phase in bubble 415
(B) Estimation of water leak rate 416
(1) Conservative model 416
(2) Increasing model 416
(3) Steady state 416
3. Development of SPIKE code for analysis of ISP 418
(A) Governing equation 418
(1) Material and energy balance equation 418
(2) Numerical solution 421
(B) Boundary conditions 423
(1) Pipe fittings 423
(2) Equipment 424
(C) Computer program 425
(D) Calculation and discussion 427
(1) Sodium-water reaction characteristics 427
(2) Assessment of boundary conditions 430
(3) Comparison with previous studies 435
4. Conclusion 438
E. Test facility for the characteristic analysis of the sodium-water reaction 445
1. Objective 445
2. Preface 445
3. MDP system 447
(A) Method of approach 447
(B) Summary of the experiments 449
(C) Design of the equipments 449
(1) Design concepts 451
(2) Design basis 462
(3) Basic design 462
(4) Check points for the design of the each components 469
4. Pool type KALIMER system 474
(A) Summary 474
(B) Simulation of the KALIMER secondary system 474
(1) Simplication and modeling 474
(2) Calculation results and investigation 478
(C) Decision of the scale-down factor 483
(D) Design basis 484
(E) Composition of the loop 486
(F) Design, manufacture and installation of the main equipments 486
5. Conclusion 505
F. Conclusion 505
IV. Development of water leak detection technology 515
1. Technology of hydrogen leak detection system 515
A. Introduction 515
B. Prediction of hydrogen quantity generated by reaction of sodium and water 516
(1) Reaction of Na/H₂O 516
(2) Equilibrium hydrogen concentration of cover gas 517
(3) Solubility of hydrogen and chemical equilibrium of NaH in sodium 517
(4) Conversion ratio of H₂/H₂O 519
C. Diffusion transport phenomena through nickel membrane 519
D. Study of hydrogen leak detection method 521
(1) Equilibrium mode 521
(2) Dynamic mode 521
E. Experiments and hydrogen leak detection system 523
(1) Detection experiments for high hydrogen concentrated In Ar gas 523
(A) Experimental preparation 523
(B) Results experimented by flow control mixing Ar and H₂ gas 533
(2) Detection experiments for low hydrogen concentrated In Ar gas 535
(A) Experimental preparation 535
(B) Experimental results of detection characteristics for hydrogen in sodium 537
(C) Experimental results of detection characteristics for hydrogen in cover gas 552
(3) Survey of noise 564
(4) Temperature effect of vacuum pressure 564
(5) Welding and life of nickel membrane 564
(A) Membrane of hydrogen detector in foreign country 7) 567
(B) Membrane used in this experiment[원문불량;p.567] 570
2. Technology of acoustic leak detection 574
A. Introduction 574
B. Passive acoustic method 575
(1) Technology of passive acoustic method 575
(2) Source of background noise (BGN) and frequency characteristics 576
(3) Theoretical background of advanced processing technology 577
(A) Signal processing of leak noise 577
1) Statistical characteristics of leak noise 577
2) Acoustic signal processing during a leak detection 578
3) Method of signal processing 578
4) FFT 579
(B) Adaptive filter 587
1) Parameter evaluation for random signal 587
2) Principle of adaptive filter 590
3) Adaptive noise canceller 595
A) Noise component cancelling using reference input 596
B) Relationships for input and output of adaptive noise canceller 596
C) Calculation of filter coefficient 599
D) Experimental method 600
E) Experimental results 600
(C) Pattern recognition analysis 602
(4) Response characteristics of acoustic leak detection system 602
(5) Design and construction of preliminary acoustic leak experimental equipments 604
(A) Outline of equipments 605
(B) Specifications of equipments 605
(C) Instrument system 617
3. Conclusion 620
Chapter 3. Conclusions 624
Table 1.1. Experimental Conditions for Pool Fire. 97
Table 1.2. Main Input Data for SOFIRE II and SPM Computer Program. 98
Table 1.3. Initial Parameters for Sodium Spray Fire codes. 137
Table 1.4. Comparison between Computational Results and AI Experimental Data. 141
Table 1.5. Characteristics of the Safety Venting Systems. 150
Table 1.6. Sodium Spray Design Base Leak in Sodium Loop Building. 151
Table 1.7. General Parameters and Sodium Loop Building Building in CONTAIN-LMR Code for Sodium Fire Analysis 152
Table 1.8. Aerosol Size Distribution Cell 1 in Sodium Loop Building with Partition and without Partition at Run time 46s. 165
Table 1.9. Aerosol Density in each cell of Sodium loop building with Partition and without Partition. 166
Table 1.10. List of Containment Size for LMR 176
Table 1.11. List of Holes on the Cell 196
Table 2.1. Name & location of sodium valves 216
Table 2.2. Name & location of gas valves 217
Table 2.3. Name & location of sensors 218
Table 2.4. Storage tank volume 237
Table 2.5. Reservoir/calibration tank volume 238
Table 2.6. Procedure of pressure test 250
Table 2.7. Procedure of drying & purging 251
Table 2.8. Procedure of sodium loading 254
Table 2.9. Procedure of sodium purification 258
Table 2.10. Calibration data for electromagnetic flowmeter 259
Table 2.11. Variation of plugging temperature after cold trap operation at 270℃ 269
Table 2.12. Variation of plugging temperature with cold trap operation temperature 269
Table 2.13. Results of nonlinear regression of the cold trap temperature vs. plugging temperature 275
Table 2.14. Results of nonlinear regression on the relation of plugging temperature vs. solubility equivalent temperature 275
Table 2.15. Oxygen concentration in the cover gas system 285
Table 2.16. U.S. sieve series and tyler equivalents (ASTM E-11-61) 299
Table 2.17. Selection of the packing (wire mesh) 299
Table 3.1. Large design basis leak definitions for the large development plant 334
Table 3.2. Classification of the sodium-water reaction phenomena 347
Table 3.3. Specification of the Monju SG 355
Table 3.4. Leak sizes and their effect 370
Table 3.5. Resistance for the jet flame formed by sodium-water reaction 379
Table 3.6. Wastage equations for the 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel 386
Table 3.7. General trends for the influence of parameters in wastage rate. 388
Table 3.8. Various code systems for analysis of pressure effects on large scale sodium water reaction 410
Table 3.9. Boundary conditions for fittings in the secondary loop 424
Table 3.10. Boundary conditions for equipment in secondary loop 425
Table 3.11. Comparison of the leak detection method between Monju and MDP 452
Table 3.12. Applicable code modules according to the experimental contents 459
Table 3.13. Work procedure for the evaluation of the large leak event 460
Table 3.14. The schedule of sodium-water mock-up test 461
Table 3.15. Main equipment list 464
Table 3.16. Comparison of the geometry of the main equipments with 300 MW DPLMR 465
Table 3.17. Major parameters of the SG, IHX and 2nd. system on the scale-down factor 485
Table 3.18. The specification of the main equipments 492
Table 4.1./Table 1. Survey of analysis methods and sensitivity of hydrogen leak detection system in foreign countries 524
Table 4.2./Table 2. Program list of FFT algorithm programmed by Boland C++. 585
Fig.1.1. Sofire-MII/ASSCOPS computational model for sodium pool combustion. 86
Fig.1.2. SPM computational model for sodium pool combustion. 88
Fig.1.3. Flow diagram of Na fire facility. 94
Fig.1.4. Comparison of measured and computed sodium pool temperatures for test P15-1 and 15-2. 99
Fig.1.5. Comparison of measured and computed system gas temperatures for test P15-1 and 15-2. 101
Fig.1.6. Comparison of measured and computed system oxygen concentration for test P15-1 and 15-2. 102
Fig.1.7. Comparison of measured and computed sodium pool temperatures for test P30-1 and 30-3. 103
Fig.1.8. Comparison of measured and computed system gas temperatures for test P30-1 and 30-3. 104
Fig.1.9. Comparison of measured and computed system oxygen concentration for test P30-1 and 30-3. 105
Fig.1.10. Surface combustion model for sodium pool combustion. 112
Fig.1.11. Flame combustion model for sodium pool combustion 113
Fig.1.12. Surface combustion model with P₁ and S₄ method for sodium pool combustion. 114
Fig.1.13. Flame combustion model with P₁ and S₄ method for sodium pool combustion. 116
Fig.1.14. Schematic of rectangular geometry for P₁ approximation and S₄ method. 117
Fig.1.15. Comparison of measured and computed sodium pool temperature. 118
Fig.1.16. Comparison of measured and computed system gas temperature. 119
Fig.1.17. Comparison of measured and computed system oxygen temperature. 120
Fig.1.18. Comparison of analysis results of flame temperature 122
Fig.1.19. Comparison of measured and computed sodium pool temperature. 123
Fig.1.20. Comparison of measured and computed system gas temperature. 124
Fig.1.21. Comparison of measured and computed system oxygen temperature. 125
Fig.1.22. Flow field system. 126
Fig.1.23. Nukiyama-Tanasama distribution with drop diameter. 135
Fig.1.24. Effect of variance on pressure with time. 138
Fig.1.25. Prediction of pressure with variance. 139
Fig.1.26. Prediction of pressure rise with variances. 143
Fig.1.27. CONTAIN-LMR model for sodium spray fire in sodium loop building not partitioned by multi cells. 148
Fig.1.28. CONTAIN-LMR model for sodium spray fire in sodium loop building partitioned by multi cells. 153
Fig.1.29. Pressure in each cell of SLB with partition. 155
Fig.1.30. Temperature in each cell of SLB with partition. 157
Fig.1.31. Pressure in each cell of SLB with partition. 159
Fig.1.32. Pressure in each cell of SLB without partition. 160
Fig.1.33. Temperature in each cell of SLB without partition. 162
Fig.1.34. Pressure in each cell of SLB with partition. 163
Fig.1.35. Sodium added, oxygen removed and sodium burned in cell1 of sodium loop building not partitioned. 168
Fig.1.36. Sodium added, oxygen removed and sodium burned in cell1 of sodium loop building partitioned by 7 cells. 169
Fig.1.37. The Effect of CFC(이미지참조) on pressure of cell 1 of SLB with Partition. 170
Fig.1.38. LMR single/double containment systems. 172
Fig.1.39. LMR single/double containment systems. 173
Fig.1.40. LMR multiple containment systems. 174
Fig.1.41. Pipe heating of sodium systems. 178
Fig.1.42. Tank heating of sodium systems. 179
Fig.1.43. Preheating and insulation systems. 180
Fig.1.44. Design guidelines of manholes and pipe connections 181
Fig.1.45. Containment volumes of sodium systems. 182
Fig.1.46. Problems related of sodium systems. 183
Fig.1.47. System design to contain sodium. 184
Fig.1.48. Schematic figure of test vessel in MHI. 187
Fig.1.49. FAUNA facility. 188
Fig.1.50. NALA facility. 190
Fig.1.51. ESMERALDA facility. 191
Fig.1.52. P&ID for medium sodium fire test facility. 194
Fig.1.53. Bird's-eye view of fire test cell 197
Fig.1.54. Plan view of the medium sodium fire test cell. 198
Fig.1.55. A-A section for plan view of the medium sodium fire test cell. 199
Fig.1.56. Data sheet of the sodium dissolver. 201
Fig.1.57. Data sheet of the sodium storage tank. 202
Fig.1.58. Data sheet of the sodium supply tank. 204
Fig.2.1. Iso-drawing of the Sodium Loop 215
Fig.2.2. Data Sheet of The Sodium Drain/Storage Tank 219
Fig.2.3. Data Sheet of The Reservoir Tank 220
Fig.2.4. Data Sheet of The EM Pump Calibration Tank 221
Fig.2.5. Data Sheet of The Vacuum Surge Tank 223
Fig.2.6. Data Sheet of The Paraffin Tank 224
Fig.2.7. Data Sheet of The Pressure Indicator Tank 225
Fig.2.8. Electromagnetic Pump 226
Fig.2.9. Section Drawing of The Electromagnetic Pump 227
Fig.2.10. Electromagnetic Flowmeter 229
Fig.2.11. Oxygen Meter Housing System 231
Fig.2.12. Schematics of Pipe Line and Tank Heating 234
Fig.2.13. Schematics of Tank Level Indicating and Cooling of Cold Trap/Plugging Meter 236
Fig.2.14. EM Pump Control Diagram 240
Fig.2.15. Plugging Meter Control Diagram 242
Fig.2.16. Front and Side View of The Control Panel for The Sodium Loop 243
Fig.2.17. Sodium Transfer System 252
Fig.2.18. Calibration Chart for Electromagnetic Flowmeter made by KAERI 257
Fig.2.19. Ideally defined plugging curve. 263
Fig.2.20. Variation of sodium flowrate with PTI temperature(cold trapping temperature : 270℃, 1 hr) 267
Fig.2.21. Variation of sodium flowrate with PTI temperature(cold trapping temperature : 270℃, 22 hr) 270
Fig.2.22. Variation of sodium flowrate with PTI temperature(cold trapping temperature : 240℃, 22 hr) 271
Fig.2.23. Variation of sodium flowrate with PTI temperature(cold trapping temperature : 210℃, 22 hr) 272
Fig.2.24. Variation of sodium flowrate with PTI temperature(cold trapping temperature : 160℃, 22 hr) 273
Fig.2.25. Relation between plugging temperature and cold trapping temperature. 274
Fig.2.26. Relation between solubility equivalent temperature and plugging temperature 276
Fig.2.27. Bypass Sampling System 280
Fig.2.28. NaK Filtering Apparatus 284
Fig.2.29. Oxygen Trapping System 286
Fig.2.30. Oxygen Concentration in The Carrier Gas (He) 288
Fig.2.31. Cutaway view of cold trap. 294
Fig.2.32. Section-cut of cold trap for model simulation. 295
Fig.2.33. Temperature and concentration profile throughout cold trap. 297
Fig.2.34. Corrugated wire mesh packing. 300
Fig.3.1. Conceptional drawing of KALIMER(Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor) 313
Fig.3.2. Reference saturated cycle steam generator 317
Fig.3.3. Sodium levels during normal operation 321
Fig.3.4. Sodium levels following a steam generator leak 322
Fig.3.5. Steam generator leak progression rate calculation method 323
Fig.3.6. Comparison of LLTR steam injection rates with model predictions 324
Fig.3.7. ALMR approach to confirming(confirmming) the adequacy of the relief system 326
Fig.3.8. Sodium levels following a SG leak with failure to isolate and blowdown the steam side 327
Fig.3.9. SWRP Subsystem design methodology 333
Fig.3.10. Leak location analysis results 338
Fig.3.11. Effect of isolation valve closure period on cumulative(comulative) flow 342
Fig.3.12. Effect of steam relief valve area on cumulative flow 343
Fig.3.13. An example of wastage characteristics incorporated Into LEAP 350
Fig.3.14. The new models incorporated into SWACS 352
Fig.3.15. The flow diagram of the analysis procedure 353
Fig.3.16. Schematic image of the plant 354
Fig.3.17. An example of failure propagation process calculated by LEAP 356
Fig.3.18. Blow-down characteristics 358
Fig.3.19. Relation between the initial and maximum leak rate with varying the SG type and blow-down curve 359
Fig.3.20. Water leak rate calculation 361
Fig.3.21. An example of the initial spike pressure calculation 362
Fig.3.22. An example of the quasi-static pressure calculation 364
Fig.3.23. Peak value of the quasi-static pressure 365
Fig.3.24. Self-development process of water leak into sodium. 371
Fig.3.25. Relation of the initial leak rate and time of the sudden enlargement in microleaks. 375
Fig.3.26. Phenomena on the tube surface damaged by jet 376
Fig.3,27. Correlation of wastage rate on the different alloy 380
Fig.3.28. Effect of various parameters on wastage rate 387
Fig.3.29. Test apparatus for the micro-leak sodium-water reaction. 389
Fig.3.30. SEM photograph of target surface in the microleak experiment.[원문불량;p.387] 392
Fig.3.31. Profile curves on the component at target surface by AUGER.[원문불량;p.387] 392
Fig.3.32. Casual relation at sodium-water reaction. 394
Fig.3.33. Flow diagram for leak scenario of LEAP code. 396
Fig.3.34. Relation between initial leak rate and maximum leak rate by LEAP calculation. 397
Fig.3.35. LMFBR steam generators accident scenario(CEA). 400
Fig.3.36. Flow chart for Behavior of Leak Until Shutdown (BLUSH) programme. 402
Fig.3.37. General shape of pressure transients for large scale sodium-water reaction 406
Fig.3.38. Change of flow and mixing pattern of sodium and hydrogen according to the leak amount 408
Fig.3.39. Structure of computer program 426
Fig.3.40. Typical shape of pressure and temperature changes at initial stage of sodium water reaction in a pipe 429
Fig.3.41. Effect of reaction rate constant on maximum pressure in sodium phase 431
Fig.3.42. Effect of stoichiometric constant on maximum pressure and temperature in sodium phase 432
Fig.3.43. Effect of water leak rate on maximum pressure in hydrogen bubble 433
Fig.3.44. Comparison of calculated pressure changes at two points of pipe. 436
Fig.3.45. Concept of pipe network and IHX in experimental apparatus (PNC) 439
Fig.3.46. Comparison of experimental pressure changes (PNC data) with calculated values (calculated by SPIKE code) at entrance of IHX 440
Fig.3.47. Comparison of experimental pressure changes (PNC data) with calculated values (calculated by SPIKE code) at low plenum of IHX 441
Fig.3.48. Branch-boundary model of pipe network of EBR-II 442
Fig.3.49. Comparison of the results calculated by this model(above) with the ANL's (bottom) for the model of FRR-II 443
Fig.3.50. Terminology of pressure rise caused by sodium-water reaction 446
Fig.3.51. Evaluation characteristics on sodium-water reaction in the Double Pool LMFBR 447
Fig.3.52. Study on Sodium-water reaction in the Double Pool LMFBR. 448
Fig.3.53. Experimental apparatus 450
Fig.3.54. Leak rate vs. time 451
Fig.3.55. The effect of the generation pressure to the pressure rise 453
Fig.3.56. Conceptional drawing of the types of FBR 455
Fig.3.57. Schematic drawing of the double pool reactor during normal operation 456
Fig.3.58. Schematic drawing of the double pool reactor during sodium-water reaction 457
Fig.3.59. Pressure rising curve vs. time 458
Fig.3.60. P & ID for sodium-water mock-up test facility (MDP) 466
Fig.3.61. Schematic drawing of the cyclone separator 468
Fig.3.62. Plot plan of sodium-water reaction test facility 470
Fig.3.63. Layout of sodium-water reaction test facility 471
Fig.3.64. The simplified and assumed structure of the secondary loop of KALIMER 476
Fig.3.65. Branch and junction model of the secondary loop of KALIMER 477
Fig.3.66. General trend of pressure transients at various point of secondary loop for large scale of water leak, calculated with this model 479
Fig.3.67. Effect of leak location on the maximum pressure of IHX and reaction zone 480
Fig.3.68. Effect of distance between IHX and SG on maximum pressure of IHX 481
Fig.3.69. Effect of leak rate and scale on the maximum pressure at reaction zone 482
Fig.3.70. P & ID for water mock-up test facility 487
Fig.3.71. Iso-drawing of the water mock-up test facility 488
Fig.3.72. Section drawing of the water mock-up test facility 489
Fig.3.73. Plan drawing of the water mock-up test facility 490
Fig.3.74. a,b,c Data sheet of the SG model-1 494
Fig.3.75. a,b,c Data sheet of the SG model-2 497
Fig.3.76. Data sheet of the IHX Model 500
Fig.3.77. Data sheet of the Hot Water Tank-1 502
Fig.3.78. Data sheet of the Hot Water Tank-2 503
Fig.3.79. Data sheet of the Compressed Surge Tank 504
Fig.4.1. Dissociation pressure of NaH in equilibrium with Na(1) vs temperature. 518
Fig.4.2. Transient hydrogen-transport fluxes for nickel membranes. 522
Fig.4.3. Photography for equipments and instruments of hydrogen leak detection system. 531
Fig.4.4. Schematic diagram of high vacuum system and signal flow for data acquisition of hydrogen leak detection system. 532
Fig.4.5. Vacuum pressure changes for feeding the traced hydrogen gas within 970 ppm. 534
Fig.4.6. Relationships with Ar gas flow rate vs pressure change 536
Fig.4.7. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 350℃, 6N Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting 0.7x10-5(이미지참조)(0.7x10-5) mbar, gas flow rate;20 scale) 538
Fig.4.8. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 350℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 1.54x10-5(이미지참조)(1.54x10-5) mbar, gas flow rate ; 20 scale) 539
Fig.4.9. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 450℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 8.42x10-7(이미지참조)(8.42x10-7) mbar, gas flow rate ; 10 scale) 540
Fig.4.10. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 450℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 8.59x10-7(이미지참조)(8.59x10-7) mbar, gas flow rate ; 20 scale) 541
Fig.4.11. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 450℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 8.00x10-7(이미지참조)(8.00x10-7) mbar, gas flow rate ; 30 scale) 542
Fig.4.12. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 450℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.07x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 40 scale) 543
Fig.4.13. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting;7.40x,10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 10 scale) 544
Fig.4.14. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting;7.37x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 20 scale) 545
Fig.4.15. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting;7.30x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 30 scale) 546
Fig.4.16. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting;7.38x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 40 scale) 547
Fig.4.17. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.40x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 10 scale) 548
Fig.4.18. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.40x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 20 scale) 549
Fig.4.19. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.23x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 30 scale) 550
Fig.4.20. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding after 30 sec from zero second, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.28x10-7(이미지참조) mbar, gas flow rate ; 40 scale) 551
Fig.4.21. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, after 30 sec 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 8.23x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 553
Fig.4.22. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, after 30 sec 6N Ar gas feeding in 20 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 8.19x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 554
Fig.4.23. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, after 30 sec 6N Ar gas feeding in 30 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 8.21x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 555
Fig.4.24. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale and after 30 sec 1.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding in 10 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.21x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 557
Fig.4.25. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale and after 30 sec 1.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding in 20 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.21X10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 558
Fig.4.26. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale and after 30 sec 1.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding in 30 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.43x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 559
Fig.4.27. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale and after 30 sec 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding in 10 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.25x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 560
Fig.4.28. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale and after 30 sec 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding in 20 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.14x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 561
Fig.4.29. Vacuum pressure of ion pump (sensor temperature ; 500℃, 6N Ar gas feeding in 10 scale and after 30 sec 4.9 ppm-H₂ mixed Ar gas feeding in 30 scale, vacuum pressure of ion gauge at starting ; 7.09x10-7(이미지참조) mbar) 562
Fig.4.30. Mean values of accumulation of ion pump current according to each hydrogen concentration in Ar gas. 563
Fig.4.31. White noise and periodic electrical noise signal from signal of vacuum gauge. 565
Fig.4.32. Effect of vacuum pressure of ion pump gauge vs room temperature. 566
Fig.4.33. Detail drawing for hydrogen detector of concentric tube type. 571
Fig.4.34. Cross section area of a part of hydrogen sensor welded with nickel tube and sus304 pipe.[원문불량;p.567] 572
Fig.4.35. Schematic drawing of modified hydrogen sensor. 573
Fig.4.36. Algorithm of FFT calculation. 583
Fig.4.37. The general structure of an adaptive filter. 591
Fig.4.38. Specialized form of an adaptive filter employing a tapped-delay-line finite impulse response (FIR) filter and a reference-matching quality assessment 593
Fig.4.39. The adaptive noise cancelling concept. 598
Fig.4.40. Method for making experimental data. 601
Fig.4.41. Results of filtering for sine curve signal and a voice, "e", with white noise. 603
Fig.4.42. P & I diagram for development of acoustic and hydrogen leak detection system. 606
Fig.4.43. Size and nozzle orientation of vessel for acoustic leak detection experiments. 607
Fig.4.44. Detail drawing of cold trap. 609
Fig.4.45. Injection nozzle used in Ar gas injected to acoustic leak experimental vessel. 610
Fig.4.46. Arrangement of acoustic sensor or accelerometer and guide located at vertical direction. 611
Fig.4.47. Arrangement of acoustic sensor or accelerometer and guide located at radical direction. 612
Fig.4.48. Arrangement of acoustic sensor or accelerometer and guide at top location. 613
Fig.4.49. Methods welding acoustic transfer guide on vessel wall. 614
Fig.4.50. Methods mounting acoustic sensor on acoustic transfer guide 615
Fig.4.51. Specifications of high frequency and high temperature accelerometer. 616
Fig.4.52. Schematic signal flow diagram for experiments of acoustic leak detection (ALD) system. 618