표제지
제출문
경·중수로 연계 핵연료주기 기술개발 과제 구성표
요약문
SUMMARY
Contents
목차
제1장 서론 48
제1절 연구개발의 배경 50
제2절 연구개발의 목적과 범위 52
1. 주요 연구개발 목적 53
2. 주요 연구개발 내용 및 범위 53
제2장 국·내외 기술개발 현황 56
제1절 연구사례의 조사 58
1. 외국의 경우 58
2. 국내의 경우 70
제2절 건식공정 기술 71
1. AIROX 기술 71
2. RAHYD 기술 99
3. CARBOX 기술 100
제3절 세부기술 사항의 검토분석 104
1. 국내·외 기술수준 비교표 104
2. 공정단위별 주요기술사항 및 기술수준 105
3. 개발중인 새로운 기술 106
4. 기존 공정방법 및 기술의 사례 106
제4절 결론 107
제5절 참고문헌 109
제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 120
제1절 제조공정 및 공정기기 분석 122
1. 서설 122
2. DUPIC 핵연료 공정흐름 분석 123
3. DUPIC 핵연료 제조공정 127
4. 제조공정 기술분석 132
5. 공정기기 분석 139
6. 참고문헌 154
제2절 핵연료 제조기술 개발 173
1. DUPIC 핵연료 제조기술 173
2. 사용후 핵연료집합체 해체기술 180
3. 핵연료봉 탈피복 기술개발 187
4. 분말처리 기술개발 225
5. 소결체 제조기술 개발 262
6. 핵연료봉단 용접기술개발[내용누락;p.289-290] 326
7. 열플라즈마에 의한 DUPIC핵연료 성형기술개발 386
제3절 제조장비개발 417
1. 제조장비 설계요건 417
2. 원격 운용 및 정비 지침서 467
3. 제조장비 전체 목록 및 현황 476
4. 핵연료봉 탈피복장치(Slitting M/C) 개발 485
5. Oxidizing furnace 개발 494
6. Oxidizing/Reduction furnace 개발 500
7. Milling 장비 개발 503
8. 예비성형기 개발 523
9. Granulator 개발 530
10. Blender 개발 534
11. 최종 성형기 개발 540
12. Sintering furnace 개발 546
13. 소결체 길이조정 및 장전기 개발 550
14. 레이저 봉단용접장치 개발 557
15. Pro/ENGINEER 기술개발 572
제4절 품질관리 기술개발 및 장비개발 627
1. 품질관리 기술개발 627
2. 품질관리장비 개발 628
3. 참고문헌 656
제5절 조사시험 657
1. 개요 657
2. 조사시험 목적 657
3. 조사시험 관련 현안 660
4. 조사시험 계획에 따라 선행되어야 할 업무 665
5. AECL시설을 이용한 소결체 조사시험 관련 업무내용 668
제6절 국제협력 672
1. 한국, 캐나다, 미국 공동연구 672
2. 미국 ORNL과 국제공동연구 673
3. 캐나다 AECL과 국제협력 677
4. OECD HALDEN Reactor Project 677
제7절 위탁연구 679
1. UO₂ 소결성 및 미세조직 조절 연구 679
2. 핵분열생성물의 특성 및 거동 연구 681
3. DUPIC핵연료 노내성능 분석 연구 682
4. 플라즈마를 이용한 핵연료물질 건식제거 연구 705
5. 핵연료봉단 용접을 위한 원격용접기술 연구 730
제4장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 761
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 767
서지정보양식 771
BIBLIOGRAPIDC INFORMATION SHEET 772
Table 2.1. Oxidative decladding rates of 3-foot rods of UO₂ 112
Table 2.2. UO₂ pellet comminution by AIROX process 112
Table 2.3. Effect of oxidation-reduction recycling on urania characteristics 113
Table 2.4. Decreasing particle size with decreasing oxidation temperature 113
Table 2.5. Summary of multicycle reprocessing UO₂ - fissia 114
Table 2.6. Summary of data on AIROX reprocessed irradiation uranium... 115
Table 2.7. Effect of oxidation-reduction recycling on sintered pellet... 115
Table 2.8. Diameter and density of sintered pellets 116
Table 2.9. Pulverization during second oxidation-reduction cycle 116
Table 2.10. Pulverization by reduction of oxidized product back to UO₂ 117
Table 2.11. Effect of mechanical treatment on U₃O₈ particle size 117
Table 3.1.1. Status of spent PWR fuel in PIEF 155
Table 3.1.2. Major function of cells in IMEF 156
Table 3.1.3. Estimated yield in DUPIC process 157
Table 3.1.4. Specification of PWR and CANFLEX fuel rod 158
Table 3.1.5. Estimated processing time for batch size 2 kg. 159
Table 3.1.6. Estimated processing time for batch size 10 kg. 160
Table 3.2.1.1. Specification of DUPIC fuel bundle 177
Table 3.2.1.2. Quality control check point of fuel components 178
Table 3.2.3.1. Description of irradiated oxide used in reprocessing... 210
Table 3.2.3.2. Results irradiated UO₂ fuel removal by oxidation. 211
Table 3.2.3.3. Effect of pressure and temperature on decladding rates,... 212
Table 3.2.3.4. Screen analysis after decladding, NAA-34-5. 212
Table 3.2.3.5. Decladding rates, NAA-29-1 213
Table 3.2.3.6. Screen analysis after decladding 213
Table 3.2.3.7. Oxidative decladding of three-foot rods of UO₂. 214
Table 3.2.3.8. Summary of the experimental methods 214
Table 3.2.3.9. Decladding rates of 2~3cm rod-cut 215
Table 3.2.3.10. Decladding rates of 1~2cm rod-cut 215
Table 3.2.3.11. Decladding rates of 1~2cm rod-cut due to oxidation... 215
Table 3.2.3.12. Decladding rates of slit-rod 215
Table 3.2.4.1. Powder characteristics of oxidized powder depending... 238
Table 3.2.4.2. Powder characteristics of reduced powder depending... 238
Table 3.2.4.3. Effects of oxidation time on specific surface areas of... 239
Table 3.2.4.4. Characteristics of powder(ex-AUC) produced from the... 239
Table 3.2.4.5. Characteristics of powder(ex-ADU) produced from... 240
Table 3.2.4.6. Characteristics of powder(ex-AUC) produced from the... 240
Table 3.2.4.7. Characteristics of powder(ex-ADU) produced from the... 241
Table 3.2.4.8. Characteristics of powder(ex-AUC) produced from the... 241
Table 3.2.5.1. Simulated fuel의 조성 286
Table 3.2.5.2. 소결분위기 변화에 따른 simulated fuel pellet의 특성 287
Table 3.2.5.3. 확립된 제조조건에서 simulated fuel의 특성 287
Table 3.2.5.4. Program of Thermogravimetric Analyzer. 288
Table 3.2.5.5. 5 종류 공정 path에 대한 실험 288
Table 3.2.5.6. OREOX 처리된 분말의 평균입자 크기 289
Table 3.2.5.7. 불활처리후 O/M 비 290
Table 3.2.5.8. 산화/환원 처리후 분말의 입자 크기 290
Table 3.2.5.9. OREOX 처리후 제조된 소결체 특성 291
Table 3.2.6.1. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of... 338
Table 3.2.6.2. Experimental conditions for GTAW and LBW 339
Table 3.2.6.3. Experimental conditions of power density measurement 339
Table 3.2.7.1. Properties of the ZrO₂-20%wtY₂O₃ and DUPIC fuel as UO₂ 388
Table 3.2.7.2. Measured particle size of used powder and sieved size 390
Table 3.2.7.3. Calibration of the powder feeder for the different powders... 393
Table 3.2.7.4. Summary of the induction plasma YSZ powder... 396
Table 3.2.7.5. Design of the powder deposition experiments of... 398
Table 3.2.7.6. ANOVA for powder deposition experiments... 399
Table 3.2.7.7. Design of powder deposition experiments of different... 403
Table 3.2.7.8. ANOVA for powder deposition experiments of different... 405
Table 3.2.7.9. Powder deposition experiments and results with -75... 408
Table 3.2.7.10. Powder deposition experiments and results with -90... 409
Table 3.2.7.11. Powder deposition experiments and results with -75... 410
Table 3.2.7.12. ANOVA for powder deposition experiments of -75... 411
Table 3.2.7.13. ANOVA for powder deposition experiments of -90... 412
Table 3.2.7.14. ANOVA for powder deposition experiments of -90... 413
Table 3.3.1.1. 방사능을 1/10로 감소시키는 차폐 재료의 두께 448
Table 3.3.1.2. 각 재료의 사용 가능 조사량 448
Table 3.3.1.3. 절연재료의 내방사성 449
Table 3.3.1.4. Material galling data 452
Table 3.3.1.5. 부품의 수명 453
Table 3.3.1.6. 내방사성 윤활제의 특징 454
Table 3.3.1.7. Static seals with hot-cell applications 455
Table 3.3.1.8. HP seal의 selection list 457
Table 3.3.2.1. Example for a general maintenance items. 474
Table 3.3.2.2. Example for a anticipated troubles and a necessary action... 474
Table 3.3.2.3. Example for a expected spare parts and a total stock. 475
Table 3.3.3.1. The present status of manufacturing equipment... 483
Table 3.3.3.2. Cooperation with ORNL for equipment development . 484
Table 3.3.3.3. Equipments and details developed by KAERI and ORNL. 484
Table 3.3.7.1. Measure of contamination of Al₂O₃ powder due to attrition... 509
Table 3.3.14.1. Specifications of 250 W pulsed Nd:YAG laser system 564
Table 3.4.2.1. Comparision of non-destructive testing with destructive... 649
Table 3.4.2.2. Duscussion of non-destructive testing methods 655
Table 3.7.3.1. Elements and chemical state of each group of fission... 683
Table 3.7.3.2. Two scenarios of elemental elimination during Dry Process 683
Table 3.7.3.3. Values of constants in Faraday-Eucken and Loeb equations 688
Table 3.7.3.4. Characteristic difference between CANDU and LWR fuels... 692
Table 3.7.5.1. Welding parameters used for selecting the optimum... 749
Table 3.7.5.2. Tensile properties of base metal and plasma arc welds... 749
Table 3.7.5.3. Laser beam welding parameters 750
Table 3.7.5.4. Results of tensile tests of Zircaloy-4 welds by GTAW 750
Fig. 2.1. Phase diagram for uranium-oxygen system 118
Fig. 3.1.1. General process and material flow diagram of DUPIC fuel 161
Fig. 3.1.2. IMEF layout 162
Fig. 3.1.3. Flowsheet of DUPIC fuel manufacturing process 163
Fig. 3.1.4. PIEF layout 164
Fig. 3.1.5. Detailed process in PIEF 165
Fig. 3.1.6. Detailed powder process 166
Fig. 3.1.7. Detailed pellet process 167
Fig. 3.1.8. DUPIC fuel QC/scrap plan 168
Fig. 3.2.1. Functioned flow diagram for remote equipment processes. 169
Fig. 3.2.2. Typical fault tree analysis diagram. 170
Fig. 3.2.3. Functional maintenance analysis chart. 171
Fig. 3.2.4. Layout of process equipments. 172
Fig. 3.2.3.1. Simplified flow sheet illustrating head-end mechanical... 216
Fig. 3.2.3.2. Simple die for decladding fuel slugs by pressing.... 216
Fig. 3.2.3.3. Dejacketing die using plows to cut the clad longitudinally.... 217
Fig. 3.2.3.4. Clad separation by forcing the fuel element in a special tool... 217
Fig. 3.2.3.5. Simple laboratory scale decladding machine using a... 218
Fig. 3.2.3.6. (a) Plug-cutting blade working tool used in machine shown... 218
Fig. 3.2.3.7. Dejacketing operation for EBR-II fuel element.... 219
Fig. 3.2.3.8. Arrangement of working roll, idle roll and fuel element... 219
Fig. 3.2.3.9. Clad deformation during rolling. 220
Fig. 3.2.3.10. Expansion of SER fuel jacket by hydraulic pressing.... 220
Fig. 3.2.3.11. Removal of ends from an SER fuel rod by rotary cutter.... 221
Fig. 3.2.3.12. Continuous crusher. 222
Fig. 3.2.3.13. Rotating furnace. 222
Fig. 3.2.3.14. (a) Remote-control crusher used in Attila.... 223
Fig. 3.2.3.15. 일정한 간격의 구멍이 있는 핵연료봉의 산화온도에 따른 형상... 224
Fig. 3.2.3.16. Slitting된 핵연료봉의 산화후 형상 224
Fig. 3.2.4.1. Schematic drawing of oxidizing and reducing furnace. 242
Fig. 3.2.4.2. Variations of specific surface area depending on oxidation... 243
Fig. 3.2.4.3. Variations of surface area with oxidation time at 400°C. 244
Fig. 3.2.4.4. (a) Microstructure of the oxidized pellet surface, oxidized at... 245
Fig. 3.2.4.5. (a) Microstructure of the oxidized pellet surface, oxidized at... 246
Fig. 3.2.4.6. SEM micrographs of (a) the oxidized pellet surface for... 247
Fig. 3.2.4.7. Oxidized pellet cross sections oxidized at 400°C for... 248
Fig. 3.2.4.8. Widmanstatten structure in the intergranularly cracked grains... 249
Fig. 3.2.4.9. Variation of oxidation rate with time for various powder and... 250
Fig. 3.2.4.10. Schematic illustration of oxidation steps at 400°C. 251
Fig. 3.2.4.11. Variations of specific surface areas depending on oxidation... 252
Fig. 3.2.4.12. SEM micrographs of (a) 1st oxidized, (b) 2nd oxidized and... 253
Fig. 3.2.4.13. SEM micrographs of (a) 1st oxidized, (b) 2nd oxidized and... 254
Fig. 3.2.4.14. SEM micrographs of (a) 1st oxidized, (b) oxidized... 255
Fig. 3.2.4.15. SEM micrographs of (a) 1st oxidized, (b) oxidized... 256
Fig. 3.2.4.16. Effects on oxidation and reduction(H₂) cycles on the... 257
Fig. 3.2.4.17. Effects on oxidation and reduction(CO) cycles on the... 258
Fig. 3.2.4.18. SEM micrographs of (a) 1st reduced, (b) 3rd reduced... 259
Fig. 3.2.4.19. Effect on oxidation and reduction cycles on the densities... 260
Fig. 3.2.4.20. Microstructure of the sitered pellets after attritor milling for... 261
Fig. 3.2.5.1. Microstructures of simulated UO₂ pellets using wet attrition... 292
Fig. 3.2.5.2. Density of spent UO₂ fuel as a function of bumup. 293
Fig. 3.2.5.3. Microstructures of simulated UO₂ pellets sintered in H₂... 294
Fig. 3.2.5.4. A schematic diagram of thermogravimetric analyzer 295
Fig. 3.2.5.5. Weight gain-time curve for the oxidation of UO₂ at 400-600°C 296
Fig. 3.2.5.6. Weight gain-time curve for the oxidation of SFA at 400-600°C 297
Fig. 3.2.5.7. Weight gain-time curve for the oxidation of SFB at 400-600°C 298
Fig. 3.2.5.8. Weight gain-time curve for the oxidation of SFC at 400-600°C 299
Fig. 3.2.5.9. Weight gain-time curve for the oxidation of UO₂ and... 300
Fig. 3.2.5.10. 분말 처리의 흐름도 301
Fig. 3.2.5.11. SEM morphology of powder treated through 1 path.... 302
Fig. 3.2.5.12. SEM morphology of powder treated through 2 path.... 303
Fig. 3.2.5.13. SEM morphology of powder treated through 3 path.... 304
Fig. 3.2.5.14. SEM morphology of powder treated through 4 path.... 305
Fig. 3.2.5.15. SEM morphology of powder treated through 5 path.... 306
Fig. 3.2.5.16. Variation in average particle size due to repetition... 307
Fig. 3.2.5.17. Change of particle size distribution in the first cycle. 308
Fig. 3.2.5.18. Variations in average particle size and surface area... 309
Fig. 3.2.5.19. Change in roughness factor due to repetition... 310
Fig. 3.2.5.20. Dependence of surface area enhancement due to oxidation... 311
Fig. 3.2.5.21. Particle size reduction due to attritor milling. 312
Fig. 3.2.5.22. Surface area enhancement due to attritor milling. 313
Fig. 3.2.5.23. SEM morphology of attritor-milled powder after 4 cycle. 314
Fig. 3.2.5.24. Sintered and green density as a function of OREOX cycle. 315
Fig. 3.2.5.25. Microstructures of OREOX-processed simulated UO₂ pellet... 316
Fig. 3.2.5.26. UO₂ 분말 입자의 형태조직 (a) 환원 1 (b) 환원 2 (c) 환원 3 317
Fig. 3.2.5.26. UO₂ 분말 입자의 형태조직 (d) 환원 4 (e) 환원 5 318
Fig. 3.2.5.27. SFB 분말 입자의 형태조직 (a) 환원 1 (b) 환원 2 (c) 환원 3 319
Fig. 3.2.5.27. SFB 분말 입자의 형태조직 (d) 환원 4 (e) 환원 5 320
Fig. 3.2.5.28. Sintered density vs oxidation/reduction cycle 321
Fig. 3.2.5.29. 산화/환원 처리후 UO₂ 분말로 제조한 소결체의 미세조직... 322
Fig. 3.2.5.30. 산화/환원 처리후 SFA 분말로 제조한 소결체의 미세조직... 323
Fig. 3.2.5.31. 산화/환원 처리후 SFB 분말로 제조한 소결체의 미세조직... 324
Fig. 3.2.5.32. 산화/환원 처리후 SFC 분말로 제조한 소결체의 미세조직... 325
Fig. 3.2.6.1. Joint geometry of experimental specimen for end cap welding 340
Fig. 3.2.6.2. Welding chamber and CNC controller for GTAW 341
Fig. 3.2.6.3. Shielding box and rotation controller for LBW 342
Fig. 3.2.6.4. Experimental procedure for GTAW 343
Fig. 3.2.6.5. Spherical aberration of a single lens focussing a parallel beam 344
Fig. 3.2.6.6. Comparison of GTA and Nd:YAG LB weldment 345
Fig. 3.2.6.7. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 347
Fig. 3.2.6.8. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 348
Fig. 3.2.6.9. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 349
Fig. 3.2.6.10. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 350
Fig. 3.2.6.11. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 351
Fig. 3.2.6.12. Photographs of typical bead appearance... 352
Fig. 3.2.6.13. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 353
Fig. 3.2.6.14. Photographs of typical bead appearance... 354
Fig. 3.2.6.15. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 355
Fig. 3.2.6.16. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width... 356
Fig. 3.2.6.17. Microhardness variations along sheath/HAZ/endcap... 357
Fig. 3.2.6.18. Microstructures of welded specimens in GTAW method 358
Fig. 3.2.6.19. Microstructures of welded specimens in LBW method 359
Fig. 3.2.6.20. Joint geometry and experimental specimen for end cap... 376
Fig. 3.2.6.21. Schematic illustration of optical fiber deliery system. 376
Fig. 3.2.6.22. Photography of welding chamber for end cap welding. 377
Fig. 3.2.6.23. Experimental set up for beam quality analyzer system. 377
Fig. 3.2.6.24. Schematic of optical conditions for output coupler. 378
Fig. 3.2.6.25. Beam radius vs. beam waist using fiber 600㎛. 378
Fig. 3.2.6.26. Beam radius vs. beam waist using fiber 800㎛. 379
Fig. 3.2.6.27. Beam radius vs. beam waist using fiber 1000㎛. 379
Fig. 3.2.6.28. Transmitted intensity distributions and beam profiles in focal... 380
Fig. 3.2.6.29. Dependence of penetration depth and bead width on... 381
Fig. 3.2.6.30. Dependence of penetration depths on various DH parameters[이미지참조] 381
Fig. 3.2.6.31. Transverse sections of end cap welding depenence on... 382
Fig. 3.2.6.32. Dependence of penetration depths and bead widths on... 383
Fig. 3.2.6.33. Dependence of penetration depths and bead widths on... 383
Fig. 3.2.6.34. Dependence of penetration depths and bead widths on... 384
Fig. 3.2.6.35. Effect of the penetration depths on flow rates of He gas. 384
Fig. 3.2.6.36. Effect of the ZrO₂ amounts on flow rates of He gas. 385
Fig. 3.2.6.37. Photographys of typical ZrO₂ appearances... 385
Fig. 3.2.7.1. YSZ METCO202 NS 387
Fig. 3.2.7.2. YSZ Amdry 146 387
Fig. 3.2.7.3. Typical PL-70 Tekna Induction plasma torch 389
Fig. 3.2.7.4. 100kW spraying chamber 390
Fig. 3.2.7.5. Schematic drawing of the powder deposition... 391
Fig. 3.2.7.6. Schematic of the different sample substrate used in the study 394
Fig. 3.2.7.7. Cut section of the 202NS powder 401
Fig. 3.2.7.8. Incomplete melted splats in its core 401
Fig. 3.2.7.9. Cut section of the AMDRY146 powder 404
Fig. 3.2.7.10. Complete melted splats of AMDRY146 404
Fig. 3.3.1.1. Bail의 설계 예 458
Fig. 3.3.1.2. 조정정치의 예 459
Fig. 3.3.1.3. 볼트의 설계 예 459
Fig. 3.3.1.4. 그립의 개조 460
Fig. 3.3.1.5. 저속 jaw 커플링 461
Fig. 3.3.1.6. Spline 커플링 461
Fig. 3.3.1.7. 커플링 설계 462
Fig. 3.3.1.8. 여러 재료의 조사 특성 463
Fig. 3.3.1.9. 감마선에 의한 재료의 영향 464
Fig. 3.3.1.10. Hanford-Purex connector 465
Fig. 3.3.1.11. TRU connector 466
Fig. 3.3.4.1. Drawing of slitting machine. 491
Fig. 3.3.4.2. Photograph of slitting machine. 492
Fig. 3.3.4.3. Photograph after slitting test. 493
Fig. 3.3.5.1. Photograph of oxidizing furnace. 498
Fig. 3.3.5.2. Drwaing of tray for oxidative decladding. 499
Fig. 3.3.7.1. Ball mill with a horizontal rotating rotor 510
Fig. 3.3.7.2. Strong impcat kinetic energy 511
Fig. 3.3.7.3. 중력으로 인한 dead zone과 편중된 분쇄가 없음 512
Fig. 3.3.7.4. Optimized charging and discharging in the MA-Process... 513
Fig. 3.3.7.5. Horizontal vessel and horizontal rotating rotor 514
Fig. 3.3.7.6. Attritor CM01/2ℓ 515
Fig. 3.3.7.7. Drain Asking/G1, Valve container G1/DN40/1ℓ and Calming... 516
Fig. 3.3.7.8. Drain Asking/G1, Calming pipe DN40/16 X 45° red, Adaptor... 517
Fig. 3.3.7.9. Adaptor DN16/G3/8/NW091, Adaptor DN16/G3/8/NW09k,... 518
Fig. 3.3.7.10. Safety valve/DN16 519
Fig. 3.3.7.11. Grinding media 5 mm dia.(Al₂O₃) 520
Fig. 3.3.7.12. Photograph of attrition mill. 521
Fig. 3.3.7.13. Variation in particle size of Al₂O₃ powder due to attrition... 522
Fig. 3.3.8.1. Press 527
Fig. 3.3.8.2. Press die-set 528
Fig. 3.3.8.3. Press die-set 교환치공구 529
Fig. 3.3.9.1. Granulator 532
Fig. 3.3.9.2. Control panel 533
Fig. 3.3.10.1. Blender 537
Fig. 3.3.10.2. Control panel 538
Fig. 3.3.10.3. Arrangement 539
Fig. 3.3.11.1. Press 544
Fig. 3.3.11.2. Control box 545
Fig. 3.3.12.1. General assembly drawing of sintering furnace. 549
Fig. 3.3.13.1. 소결체 길이조정 및 장전기 입체도면 554
Fig. 3.3.13.2. 소결체 길이조정 및 장전기 설계도면 555
Fig. 3.3.13.3. 개발된 소결체 길이조정 및 장전기 556
Fig. 3.3.14.1. Schematic illustration of welding chamber and laser system 564
Fig. 3.3.14.2. Schematic illustration of optical fiber delivery system 565
Fig. 3.3.14.3. Basic drawing of welding chamber 566
Fig. 3.3.14.4. Detail drawing of welding chamber 567
Fig. 3.3.14.5. Detail drawing of specimen holder 568
Fig. 3.3.14.6. Photographs of pulsed Nd:YAG laser system 569
Fig. 3.3.14.7. Detail drawing of micrometer holder for welding position 570
Fig. 3.3.14.8. Detail drawing of holding device for end cap 571
Fig. 3.3.15.1. SHAFT part 591
Fig. 3.3.15.2. BRACKET part 592
Fig. 3.3.15.3. BUSHING part 593
Fig. 3.3.15.4. RING part 594
Fig. 3.3.15.5. CRANK part 595
Fig. 3.3.15.6. GEAR part - 596
Fig. 3.3.15.7. Exploded Assembly 597
Fig. 3.3.15.8. Component Window 598
Fig. 3.3.15.9. Constraints for Assembling the BRACKET and BUSHING... 599
Fig. 3.3.15.10. Constraints for Assembling BASE with RING 600
Fig. 3.3.15.11. Constraints for Assembling BASE with SHAFT 601
Fig. 3.3.15.12. Assembling MACHINE with CRANK 602
Fig. 3.3.15.13. Unexploded Assembly 603
Fig. 3.3.15.14. DUPIC ARRANGEMENT in M6-HOTCELL 604
Fig. 3.3.15.15. IMEF-M6_A,B HOTCELL 605
Fig. 3.3.15.16. PWR-ROD CUTTER 606
Fig. 3.3.15.17. OXIDATION FURNACE 607
Fig. 3.3.15.18. POWDER MILL 608
Fig. 3.3.15.19. COMPACTION PRESS 609
Fig. 3.3.15.20. GRANULATOR 610
Fig. 3.3.15.21. SINTERING FURNACE 611
Fig. 3.3.15.22. CENTERLESS GRINDER 612
Fig. 3.3.15.23. POWDER MIXER 613
Fig. 3.3.15.24. PELLET CLEANER-DRYER 614
Fig. 3.3.15.25. PELLET QC 615
Fig. 3.3.15.26. STACK ADJUSTER-LOADER 616
Fig. 3.3.15.27. ENDCAP WELDER 617
Fig. 3.3.15.28. He-LEAK TESTER 618
Fig. 3.3.15.29. ENDPLATE WELDER 619
Fig. 3.3.15.30. BALANCE 620
Fig. 3.3.15.31. POWDER LOADING SYSTEM 621
Fig. 3.3.15.32. HOT-CELL MANIPULATOR 622
Fig. 3.3.15.33. IMEF-M6 HOTCELL CRANE 623
Fig. 3.3.15.34. DUPIC BUNDLE 624
Fig. 3.3.15.35. ARRANGEMENT in M6_A-HOTCELL 625
Fig. 3.3.15.36. ARRANGEMENT in M6_B-HOTCELL 626
Fig. 3.4.2.1. 소결체 QC 장비 구성도 636
Fig. 3.4.2.2. 소결체 검사장치 637
Fig. 3.4.2.3. 헬륨누출 검사용 고진공 챔버 640
Fig. 3.4.2.4. Global test mode in Spray method 642
Fig. 3.4.2.5. Spray test mode in Spray method 642
Fig. 3.4.2.6. Globed test mode in Sniffer method 643
Fig. 3.4.2.7. Local sniffing test mode in Sniffer method 643
Fig. 3.4.2.8. Schematic of helium leak test using Bombing method 644
Fig. 3.4.2.9. Schematic of Helium leak detector 646
Fig. 3.4.2.10. Helium leak test system 647
Fig. 3.4.2.11. Pb Shield 652
Fig. 3.4.2.12. Concept of Radiation Shield 652
Fig. 3.7.3.1. Heat transport in the nuclear fuel 684
Fig. 3.7.3.2. The value of scattering parameters... 687
Fig. 3.7.3.3. Thermal conductivity of DUPIC fuel. That of pure urania... 690
Fig. 3.7.3.4. K-integrals of CANDU, standard and extended DUPIC fuels,... 691
Fig. 3.7.3.5. Fission Gas Release Models 693
Fig. 3.7.3.6. Fission Gas Release 695
Fig. 3.7.3.7. Gap conductance 696
Fig. 3.7.3.8. CANDU fuel center line temperatures obtained... 698
Fig. 3.7.3.9. Power History 699
Fig. 3.7.3.10. Fuel Centerline Terperature in Transient 699
Fig. 3.7.3.11. Temperature profiles in CANDU and DUPIC Fuels 700
Fig. 3.7.4.1. Reaction of Silicon wafer and F or F₂ 719
Fig. 3.7.4.2. Normalized etch rate for Si and SiO₂ wafers in a parellel... 720
Fig. 3.7.4.3. CF₄/O₂ 혼합기체 플라즈마의 반응 경로 721
Fig. 3.7.4.4. 플라즈마 에칭 장치 722
Fig. 3.7.4.5. 플라즈마 반응용기의 개략도 723
Fig. 3.7.4.6. (a) 실험전 UO₂의 표면(Photo-resist masking 되지 않은 시편),... 724
Fig. 3.7.4.8. UO₂ Etching rate v.s. O₂ mole fraction at 300°C... 725
Fig. 3.7.4.9. UO₂ Etching rate v.s. O₂ mole fraction at 400°C... 726
Fig. 3.7.4.10. UO₂ Etching rate v.s. O₂ mole fraction at 100W... 726
Fig. 3.7.4.11. XPS results in relative intensity to oxygen peak intensity 727
Fig. 3.7.4.12. Carbon peaks in detail in the previous XPS result 727
Fig. 3.7.4.13. UO₂ etching rate v.s. r.f. power at 20% O₂ mole fraction... 728
Fig. 3.7.4.14. UO₂ etching rate v.s. substrate temperature at 20% O₂ mole... 728
Fig. 3.7.4.15. U-metal Weight loss v.s. O₂ mole fraction... 729
Fig. 3.7.4.16. U-metal Weight loss v.s. reaction time at 3%O₂... 729
Fig. 3.7.5.1. Schematic of trailing shield for Zircaloy-4 welding 751
Fig. 3.7.5.2. Tensile Schematic of trailing shield for Zircaloy-4 welding 751
Fig. 3.7.5.3. Weld beads made with different flow rates of plasma... 752
Fig. 3.7.5.4. Weld bead with as a function of shielding gas flow rate of... 752
Fig. 3.7.5.5. Effect of shielding gas on the HAZ width of welds made... 753
Fig. 3.7.5.6. Comparison of welded joints made with different shielding... 753
Fig. 3.7.5.7. Voltage change in Zircaloy-4 welds with plasma arc welding... 754
Fig. 3.7.5.8. A typical hardness profile of plasma arc welded Zircaloy... 754
Fig. 3.7.5.9. Microstructure of weld metal and heat affected zone with... 755
Fig. 3.7.5.10. Heat-affected zone microstructure of Zircaloy-4... 756
Fig. 3.7.5.11. Fractographs of Zircaloy-4 plasma arc welds made by... 757
Fig. 3.7.5.12. The effect of laser beam focus on the Zircaloy-4 sheet... 758
Fig. 3.7.5.13. The effect of shielding gas flow rate(1/min) on the laser... 759