표제지
제출문
원자력 신소재개발 과제구성표
요약문
SUMMARY
Contents
목차
제1편 원자로 부품용 저합금강 개발 71
제1장 서론 72
제2장 원자로재료 건전성평가 및 시험기술 개발 74
제1절 연성파괴인성 (J-R) 특성평가를 위한 Load-Ratio-Method 74
제2절 천이온도영역 파괴인성의 확률적 해석기술 92
제3절 압입시험을 이용한 파괴인성 예측기술 114
제4절 압입시험에서의 응력상태 해석 133
제5절 샤피충격시험편 응용기술 155
제6절 미소자성기법에 의한 조사손상 평가기술 167
제3장 원자로 압력용기재료 물성 평가 180
제1절 기계적 특성 및 파괴인성 특성 180
제2절 미세조직 및 피로균열 성장특성 217
제3절 정련과정에 따른 미세구조 및 기계적성질 309
제4절 압입시험을 이용한 기계적특성 분포 평가 335
제5절 원전 1차 계통 주배관재의 열취화 평가 357
제6절 중성자 조사시험 374
제4장 국산 원자로 구조용강 제조공정 및 재질개선 384
제1절 제조공정 비교평가 384
제2절 전산합금 공정설계 397
제3절 이상영역열처리에 의한 재질개선 442
제4절 용접열영향부 해석 및 평가 452
제5장 결론 470
제2편 원자력급 스테인레스강 개발 472
제1장 서론 473
제2장 원전부품 재료기술 현황 475
제1절 노내구조물 재료기술 475
제3장 노내구조물용 스테인레스강 시제품 제조 및 물성자료 생산 501
제1절 서론 501
제2절 이론적 고찰 503
제3절 실험 방법 509
제4절 결과 및 고찰 514
제5절 결론 531
제4장 미래형 고온/고강도 스테인레스강 개발 557
제1절 연구의 배경 557
제2절 Type 316LN 스테인레스 강의 제조공정 변수 559
제3절 기계적특성에 미치는 질소의 영향 584
제4절 미세조직 특성 597
제5절 질소함량 및 냉간가공에 따른 내부식 저항 특성 613
제5장 배관용 고내식/고인성 type 347 스테인레스강 개발 685
제1절 347 스테인레스강의 예비합금 설계 및 제조 685
제2절 기계적 특성 평가 688
제3절 미세조직 및 부식특성 평가 689
제4절 상용 Type 347 스테인레스강 용접부의 미세분석적 재료특성 693
제5절 결론 697
제6장 저방사화 Cr-Mn 스테인레스강 연구 717
제1절 서론 717
제2절 열역학적 계산에 의한 Cr-Mn계 강의 상평형 및 합금설계 719
제3절 Cr-Mn 강의 실험합금 제조 및 기초특성평가 725
제7장 터빈블레이드용 특수강 개발 767
제1절 블레이드 재료규격 767
제2절 합금 제조 및 물성시험 769
제3절 재료물성 평가 771
제4절 결론 및 건의사항 775
제8장 결론 및 건의사항 783
서지정보양식 788
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET 789
제1편 원자로 부품용 저합금강 개발 44
Table 2.2.1. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of SA508-CI.3 steel. 103
Table 2.3.1. Chemical compositions of SA508 C1.3 RPV steels and weld metals 125
Table 2.3.2. Critical mean contact pressure and fracture stress 125
Table 2.3.3. Parameters of estimated fracture toughness master curves 126
Table 2.3.4. Comparison of stress state 126
Table 2.4.1. Strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent of materials... 140
Table 2.6.1. Chemical composition of as-received SA508-3 steel. 169
Table 3.1.1. Specifications of chemical composition and tensile properties... 191
Table 3.1.2. Special requirement of fracture toughness of reactor pressure... 192
Table 3.1.3. Chemical composition of SA 508-3 steels 193
Table 3.1.4. TNDT and RTNDT for SA508-CI.3 steels[이미지참조] 194
Table 3.1.5. Charpy indices of various Korean RPV materials(SA508-3 Forgings) 195
Table 3.2.1. Chemical compositions of SA 508-3 steels 243
Table 3.2.2. Heat treatments and steel making processes of SA 508-3 Steels. 243
Table 3.2.3. Tensile properties of SA 508-3 Steels. 244
Table 3.2.4. Summury of tests for SA 508-3 steels. 244
Table 3.2.5. Microstructures of SA 508-3 steels. 245
Table 3.2.6. The banding structures of SA 508-3 steels. 245
Table 3.2.7. EDS analysis results of VCD-2. 246
Table 3.2.8. EDS analysis results of VCD-3. 246
Table 3.2.9. EDS analysis results of VCD+Al. 247
Table 3.2.10. EDS analysis results of Si+Al-1. 247
Table 3.2.11. EDS analysis results of Si+Al-2. 248
Table 3.2.12. Summary of fatigue crack propagation properties of the VCD-1, 2 and Si+Al-1... 248
Table 3.2.13. Heat treatment conditions. 249
Table 3.2.14. Tensile properties of heat-treated SA 508-3 steels. 250
Table 3.3.1. Chemical composition of SA 508 CL 3, A, B, C, and D steels which... 317
Table 3.3.2. Heat treatment condition of low alloy steels(SA 508 Cl. 3) A, B, C,... 317
Table 3.3.3. Micro-Vickers hardness measurement and tensile test results for... 318
Table 3.3.4. Micro-Vickers hardness measurement and tensile test results for... 319
Table 3.4.1. Chemical composition of SA 508 C1.3 pressure vessel steels 345
Table 3.4.2. Indentation intervals in the bars of SA508 CI.3 steels 345
Table 3.4.3. Maximum variations in the mechanical properties 345
Table 3.4.4. Local microstructure with respect to positions and test materials 346
Table 3.4.5. Comparison of ABI test data with tensile test data 346
Table 3.5.1. Chemical compositions of CSS components of KNUs 369
Table 3.5.2. Ferrite contents estimated by equations (4)~(8) 369
Table 3.5.3. Parameters for estimating the aging degradation of KNUs 370
Table 3.5.4.. Constants in equation (18) for estimating exponent n... 370
Table 3.5.5. Predicted J-R constants of KNUs at 32EFPY 371
Table 3.6.1. Size and number of the low-alloy steel specimens included in the... 381
Table 3.6.2. Composition and melting point of the eutectic alloys used to... 382
Table 3.6.3. Neutron fluence monitors used in the non-instrumented capsule 382
Table 4.1.1. Material specifications and steelmaking requirements for reactor... 391
Table 4.1.2. Quality control activities for reactor pressure vessel forgings in... 393
Table 4.2.1. Specification of low alloy plate steels for PWR pressure... 401
Table 4.2.2. Specification of low alloy forging steels for PWR pressure vessel and... 402
Table 4.2.3. List of material problems in SA508 class 2 407
Table 4.2.4. List of Lower Order Sub-Systems to be Assessed for Reasonable... 415
Table 4.2.5. Representative Chemical Composition of the SA508 class 3 Steel 416
Table 4.2.6. 현재 SA508 class 3 강종의 국내 생산 현황 및 문제점 431
Table 4.2.7. Composition and process of SA508 class 3 steels produced by... 432
Table 4.2.8. Chemical Analysis of Al, B, N₂, O₂ in RPV steels at 1/2t. 432
Table 4.2.9. 국산 SA%8 cl-3 강파 ISW 강 간의 특성 차이에 대한 원인 분석 및 대책 437
Table 4.2.10. 압력용기용 저합금강에서의 "성분·공정⇔미세조직⇔특성" 간 상관... 439
Table 4.3.1. Chemical composition of the SA508-CI.3 steel 448
Table 4.3.2. Charpy V-notch impact properties 448
Table 4.3.3. Room temperature tensile properties 448
Table 4.4.1. Chemical composition of ASME SA 508 cl. 3 steel forging 459
Table 4.4.2. Welding conditions 459
Table 4.4.3. Thermal cycle simulation conditions 459
제2편 원자력급 스테인레스강 개발 47
Table 2.1.1. Materials for reactor internals 491
Table 2.1.2. Material specifications for PWR reactor internals 492
Table 2.1.3. Material specifications for BWR reactor internals 493
Table 2.1.4. Materials for YGN 3&4 reactor internals 494
Table 3.2.1. Specifications of Type 304 stainless steels. 504
Table 3.2.2. Specifications of Mechanical properties. 504
Table 3.2.3. Effect of minor elements on properties. 505
Table 3.3.1. Chemical compositions of experimental alloys. 509
Table 3.3.2. Welding condition used in the Varestraint test. 512
Table 3.4.1. Chemical compositions of Type 304L stainless steels. 515
Table 3.4.2. Absorbed impact energies(J) of 304 and 304L. 519
Table 3.4.3. Weight loss(g/㎡·hr) of tested steels. 520
Table 3.4.4. Reactivation ratio of specimens after sensitization. 521
Table 3.4.5. Tensile test results of welded joint. 525
Table 3.4.6. Weight loss(g/㎡·hr) of weldment of experimental steels. 527
Table 4.2.1. Chemical compositions of the experimental alloys. 572
Table 4.2.2. Thickness change and reduction ratio for each pass. 576
Table 4.2.3. Compositions of mixed gas provided 577
Table 4.3.1. Chemical composition of specimens 585
Table 4.3.2. Chromium diffusion coefficient at 650°C... 594
Table 4.4.1. The chemical compositions of this studied type 316L stainless steels... 602
Table 4.4.2. The chemical compositions of the precipitates 603
Table 4.4.3. The qualitative distribution of the precipitates with aging time in type... 603
Table 4.5.1. The chemical composition of Type 316L Stainless Steels 605
Table 5.1.1. Purity of raw materials used in ingot melting 698
Table 5.1.2. Chemical composition of the experimental alloys 699
Table 5.2.1. Vickers hardness of stainless steels with the process 700
Table 5.2.2. Mechanical properties of 316 and 347 stainless steels with annealing... 701
Table 5.2.3. Vickers hardness of stabilized 347V1 702
Table 5.3.1. Anodic polarization data of sensitized 347 stainless steel 702
Table 5.3.2. Anodic polarization data of annealed 347V1 and V2 and commercial... 703
Table 5.3.3. Intergranular corrosion rate of annealed 347 by Huey test 704
Table 5.3.4. SCC test tesults of the experimental alloys 704
Table 5.4.1. Chemical composition of Type 347 stainless steel base metals. 711
Table 6.2.1. Calculated information on phase equilibria of experimental and... 724
Table 6.2.2. Calculated information on precipitation behavior of experimental and... 724
Table 6.3.1. Chemical Composition of the experimental alloys 725
Table 7.2.1. Chemical compositions of turbine blade alloy 770
Table 7.3.1. Inclusion contents of turbine blade alloy 771
Table 7.3.2. Tensile properties at room temperature 774
Table 7.3.3. Transformation temperature with cooling rate 774
제1편 원자로 부품용 저합금강 개발 50
Fig. 2.1.1. Load·load line displacement curves for different crack length.... 81
Fig. 2.1.2. The basic concept of load-ratio-method for direct determination... 82
Fig. 2.1.3. Load-displacement curves normalized by the limit load... 83
Fig. 2.1.4. Relationship between the crack lengths calculated by the load ratio... 84
Fig. 2.1.5. A rotation hinge model for correction of the crack blunting 85
Fig. 2.1.6. Determining the reference hardening curve... 86
Fig. 2.1.7. Comparison of load-ratio-method with the ASTM unloading... 87
Fig. 2.1.8. J-R curves calculated by the load-ratio-method... 90
Fig. 2.1.9. Comparison of load-ratio J-R curve with the IPIRG-2... 91
Fig. 2.2.1. Temperature shift of KIR reference curve due to irradiation... 104
Fig. 2.2.2. Large scatter in measured fracture toughness... 105
Fig. 2.2.3. Schematic of testing PCVN specimens by three-point loading 106
Fig. 2.2.4. An example of Weibull statistical distribution plot 107
Fig. 2.2.5. KJc test results for cleavage fracture toughness measurement[이미지참조] 108
Fig. 2.2.6. Two-parameter Weibull distributions for experimental data sets 109
Fig. 2.2.7. Three-parameter Weibull distributions for experimental data sets... 110
Fig. 2.2.8. Three-parameter Weibull distributions for experimental data sets... 111
Fig. 2.2.9. Correction of specimen size effect based on the weakest-link-theory... 112
Fig. 2.2.10. Fracture toughness transition curve (master curve) of SAS08-CI.3 steel... 113
Fig. 2.3.1. Critical mean contact pressure versus temperature 127
Fig. 2.3.2. Estimated KJc of SA508 CI.3 steels (base metals)[이미지참조] 128
Fig. 2.3.3. Estimated KJc of RPV weld metals[이미지참조] 129
Fig. 2.3.4. Comparison of estimated KJc with measured KJc[이미지참조] 130
Fig. 2.3.5. Correlation between the reference temperature, T₀, and... 131
Fig. 2.3.6. Variation of stress triaxiality at the center of impression... 132
Fig. 2.4.1. Schematic of ball indentation 141
Fig. 2.4.2. Finite element mesh for ball indentation 141
Fig. 2.4.3. Comparison of calculated with experimental load-displacement curve 142
Fig. 2.4.4. Variation of stress concentration beneath ball with interfacial friction factor 143
Fig. 2.4.5. Variation of mean contact pressure with interfacial friction factor 144
Fig. 2.4.6. Distribution of contact pressure for different indentation depth 145
Fig. 2.4.7. Distribution of (a) axial stress and (b) radial stress along element on the... 146
Fig. 2.4.8. Ratio of maximum normal stress to mean contact pressure under ball indenter 147
Fig. 2.4.9. Distribution of stress triaxiality along element on the (a) contacting surface and... 148
Fig. 2.4.10. Stress triaxiality at center element on the contacting surface 149
Fig. 2.4.11. Variation of mean contact pressure with input material properties 150
Fig. 2.4.12. Dependence of input material on stress concentration under ball indenter 151
Fig. 2.4.13. Dependence of (a) strength coefficient and (b) strain hardening exponent of... 152
Fig. 2.4.14. Distribution of stress triaxiality along element on the axis of indentation with... 153
Fig. 2.4.15. Ratio of effective stress to yield stress along element on the indentation axis... 154
Fig. 2.5.1. Upper shelf energy (USE) estimation using normalization method 161
Fig. 2.5.2. Normalized DBTT comparison for each specimen size 162
Fig. 2.5.3. Estimation of shear percentage using proposed equation 163
Fig. 2.5.4. Estimation of lateral expansion using proposed equation 164
Fig. 2.5.5. Dynamic fracture toughnesses obtained from precracked Charpy test 165
Fig. 2.5.6. Charpy impact test results of reconstituted specimens 166
Fig. 2.6.1. Block diagram of Barkhausen noise and hysteresis loop measurement equipment 174
Fig. 2.6.2. Comparison of B-H loops for (a) as-received and (b) neutron irradiated... 175
Fig. 2.6.3. Comparison of BN signals for (a) as-received and (b) neutron irradiated... 176
Fig. 2.6.4. Coercivity for plate specimen as a function of neutron fluence (E > 1... 177
Fig. 2.6.5. Saturation magnetization for plate specimen as a function of neutron... 178
Fig. 2.6.6. Barkhausen Noie Amplitude for plate specimen as a function of neutron... 179
Fig. 3.1.1. Comparison of room temperature tensile properties for different materials 196
Fig. 3.1.2. Tensile properties of SA508-CI.3 steel (VCD-1) versus temperature 198
Fig. 3.1.3. Tensile properties of SA508-CI.3 steel (VCD-2) versus temperature 199
Fig. 3.1.4. Tensile properties of SA508-CI.3 steel (VCD-3) versus temperature 200
Fig. 3.1.5. Tensile properties of SA508-CI.3 steel (VCD+Al) versus temperature 201
Fig. 3.1.6. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of VCD-1 RPV materials 202
Fig. 3.1.7. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of VCD-2 RPV materials 203
Fig. 3.1.8. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of VCD-3 RPV materials 204
Fig. 3.1.9. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of VCD+Al RPV materials 205
Fig. 3.1.10. notch toughnesses of HAZs compared with those of base... 206
Fig. 3.1.11. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of various base metal... 207
Fig. 3.1.12. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of various base metal... 208
Fig. 3.1.13. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of various weld metal... 209
Fig. 3.1.14. Preirradiation Charpy impact properties of various HAZs of Korean... 210
Fig. 3.1.15. Variations of preirradiation Charpy impact properties of various... 211
Fig. 3.1.16. Temperature dependence of J-R curves in an RPV steel 212
Fig. 3.1.17. J-R curves of various domestic RPV materials at 288°C 213
Fig. 3.1.18. Comparison of J-R curve at 288°C... 214
Fig. 3.1.19. Unstable cleavage fracture during J-R testing at 43°C... 215
Fig. 3.1.20. Fracture toughness characteristics of various RPV steels... 216
Fig. 3.2.1. Dimensions of a standard dilatometer specimen. 251
Fig. 3.2.2. Dimensions of a compact tension specimen for fatigue test. 251
Fig. 3.2.3. Schematic drawing of the corrosion fatigue test system 252
Fig. 3.2.4. Schematic drawing of the vacuum fatigue test system 253
Fig. 3.2.5. Variation of stress intensity range, ΔK with crack length. 254
Fig. 3.2.6. Schematic load vs displacement curve. 254
Fig. 3.2.7. Geometry of round specimen for tensile test. 255
Fig. 3.2.8. Schematic representation of isothermal transformation diagram and the... 255
Fig. 3.2.9. Proposed morphological classification system for bainite 256
Fig. 3.2.10. Reheat-treated and isothermally transformed microstructure(VCD-2)... 257
Fig. 3.2.11. Reheat-treated and continuously cooled microstructure(VCD-2)... 258
Fig. 3.2.12. Typical microstructure of different types of bainite... 259
Fig. 3.2.13. Optical micrograph of VCD-1 at 1/2t 260
Fig. 3.2.14. Optical micrographs of VCD-2 261
Fig. 3.2.15. Optical micrographs of VCD-3 262
Fig. 3.2.16. Optical micrographs of VCD+Al 263
Fig. 3.2.17. Optical micrographs of Si+Al-1 264
Fig. 3.2.18. Optical micrographs of Si+Al-2 265
Fig. 3.2.19. Optical micrographs of banding structures 266
Fig. 3.2.20. A ferrite grain at 1/2t of Si+Al-1 (arrow mark) 267
Fig. 3.2.21. Overall precipitates distribution 268
Fig. 3.2.22. TEM micrographs VCD-2 precipitates 269
Fig. 3.2.23. TEM micrographs VCD+Al precipitates 270
Fig. 3.2.24. TEM micrographs of VCD-3 precipitates 271
Fig. 3.2.25. TEM micrographs of Si+Al-1 precipitates 272
Fig. 3.2.26. TEM micrographs of Si+Al-2 precipitates (B2) 273
Fig. 3.2.27. TEM micrographs of Si+Al-2 precipitates (B3) 274
Fig. 3.2.28. (Fe,M)₃C precipitates and diffraction pattern analysis 275
Fig. 3.2.29. (Mo,M)₂C Precipitates and diffraction pattern analysis 276
Fig. 3.2.30. (Mo,M)₆C Precipitates and diffraction pattern analysis 277
Fig. 3.2.31. Schematic variation of fatigue crack growth rate as a function of stress... 278
Fig. 3.2.32. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1, 2 and Si+Al-1 speciments... 279
Fig. 3.2.33. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the Si+Al-1 specimen at 1/4t and... 280
Fig. 3.2.34. SEM fractographs of the fatigue tested VCD-1 specimen in air at R=0.1... 281
Fig. 3.2.35. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air and 3.5%... 282
Fig. 3.2.36. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air and... 283
Fig. 3.2.37. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air and... 284
Fig. 3.2.38. SEM fractographs of the fatigue tested VCD-1 specimen in 3.5% NaCl... 285
Fig. 3.2.39. SEM fractographs of the fatigue tested VCD-1 specimen in distilled... 286
Fig. 3.2.40. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air, 3.5%... 287
Fig. 3.2.41. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air, 3.5%... 288
Fig. 3.2.42. Variation of Kcl/Kmax in the VCD-1 specimen in air and 3.5% NaCl... 289
Fig. 3.2.43. Variation of Kcl/Kmax in the VCD-1 specimen in air and distilled water... 290
Fig. 3.2.44. Variation of Kcl/Kmax in the VCD-1 specimen in air and vacuum as a... 291
Fig. 3.2.45. Variation of Kcl/Kmax in the VCD-1 specimen as a function of number... 292
Fig. 3.2.46. Fatigue crack propagation rates and Kci/Kmax of the VCD-1 specimen at... 293
Fig. 3.2.47. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air and 3.5%... 294
Fig. 3.2.48. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air and... 295
Fig. 3.2.49. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen in air and... 296
Fig. 3.2.50. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the VCD-1 specimen as a function of... 297
Fig. 3.2.51. Variation of Kcl as a function of immersion time and the number of... 298
Fig. 3.2.52. Optical micrographs of the heat-treated specimen 299
Fig. 3.2.53. Fatigue crack propagation rates of the heat-treated specimens as a... 300
Fig. 3.2.54. Larson-Miller curve. (T:Kelvin) 301
Fig. 3.2.55. Variation of elongation as a function of degradation time at 600°C... 302
Fig. 3.2.56. TEM micrographs of the carbon extraction replica of the specimen... 303
Fig. 3.2.57. TEM micrographs of the coarse spherical precipitates along grain... 304
Fig. 3.2.58. TEM micrographs of the fine spherical precipitates in lath of... 305
Fig. 3.2.59. Variation of hardness as a function of degradation time 306
Fig. 3.2.60. Variation of yield and tensile strengths as a function of degradation... 307
Fig. 3.2.61. Fatigue crack propagation rates as a function of ΔK at R=0.1 308
Fig. 3.3.1. Configuration of specimens used for tensile and fracture... 320
Fig. 3.3.2. Static fracture toughness of materials A, C, and D determined... 321
Fig. 3.3.3. Optical micrographs of A, B. C, and D steels. 322
Fig. 3.3.4. TEM(thin film) micrographs of A, B, C, and D steels. 323
Fig. 3.3.5.1. TEM(carbon replication) micrographs of steel A(VCD). 324
Fig. 3.3.5.2. TEM(carbon replication) micrographs of steel B(VCD). 325
Fig. 3.3.5.3. TEM(carbon replication) micrographs of steel C(SAI(I)). 326
Fig. 3.3.5.4. TEM(carbon replication) micrographs of steel D(SAI(II)). 327
Fig. 3.3.6. Inclusions of A, C, and D steels. The size of inclusions A and C,... 328
Fig. 3.3.6. (continued) 329
Fig. 3.3.7. Fracture surface of steel A tested at -40°C. Several inclusion- induced... 330
Fig. 3.3.8. Load-Displacement curves of third size Charpy specimens of steel... 331
Fig. 3.3.9.1. Fracture reconstruction(FR) showing the sequence of events leading... 332
Fig. 3.3.9.2. Fracture reconstruction(FR) showing the sequence of events leading ... 333
Fig. 3.3.9.3. Fracture reconstruction(FR) showing the sequence of events leading... 334
Fig. 3.4.1. Schematic of indentation profiles: loaded and unloaded states. 347
Fig. 3.4.2. An example of load-indentation depth (P-h) curve with one... 348
Fig. 3.4.3. Load-indentation depth curves for representative positions... 349
Fig. 3.4.4. True stress-true plastic strain curves for representative positions... 350
Fig. 3.4.5. Distribution of yield strength. 351
Fig. 3.4.6. Distribution of estimated ultimate strength. 352
Fig. 3.4.7. Distribution of strength coefficient. 353
Fig. 3.4.8. Distribution of strain hardening exponent. 354
Fig. 3.4.9. Distribution of Brinell hardness. 355
Fig. 3.4.10. Comparison of true stress-true plastic strain curves (HJ-3 steel). 356
Fig. 3.5.1. Predicted R-T. Charpy impact energy change with operating time... 372
Fig. 3.5.2. Predicted J-R curves at 290°C after 32EFPY in cast stainless steel... 373
Fig. 4.1.1. Innovations in the steelmaking technology of pressure vessel steels for... 394
Fig. 4.1.2. Manufacturing process of reactor pressure vessel forgings in HANJUNG. 395
Fig. 4.1.3. Manufacturing process of reactor pressure vessel steels in JSW. 396
Fig. 4.2.1. Calculated equilibrium mole fraction of individual phases vs.... 417
Fig. 4.2.2. Calculated driving forces of nucleation from Y for individual phases... 419
Fig. 4.2.3. Change of mole fractions of liquid and δ-ferrite during solidification... 422
Fig. 4.2.4. Composition profile between the center of dendrite (left end)... 423
Fig. 4.2.5. Calculated mole fraction of austenite vs. temperature... 425
Fig. 4.2.6. Calculated equilibrium mole fraction of Y, cementite and ξ-carbide... 426
Fig. 4.2.7. Change of room temperature impact energy with intercritical... 427
Fig. 4.2.8. Calculated equilibrium mole fraction of individual phases vs. temperature... 435
Fig. 4.2.9. Calculated equilibrium mole fraction of individual phases vs.... 436
Fig. 4.3.1. Charpy impact energy curves 449
Fig. 4.3.2. OM micrographs after (a) Q, (b) Q+IHT, (c) Q+T, and (d) Q+IHT+T 450
Fig. 4.3.3. TEM micrographs after (a) Q+IHT, (b) Q+IHT+T, (c) Q+T, and... 451
Fig. 4.4.1. Illustrations of GIeeble-2000 system 460
Fig. 4.4.2. Maximum temperature variations with distance from fusion line 461
Fig. 4.4.3. Welding thermal cycles in the HAZ 462
Fig. 4.4.4. Schematic illustration of HAZ isothermals in a multipass weld 463
Fig. 4.4.5. Typical positions of the simulated HAZ specimens(refer to Table 4.4.3) 464
Fig. 4.4.6. Optical microstructures of the simulated HAZs 465
Fig. 4.4.7. Toughness variations with distance from fusion Iine(X=0) 466
Fig. 4.4.8. Strength variations with distance from fusion line(X=0) 467
Fig. 4.4.9. Hardness variations with distance from fusion Iine(X=0) 468
제2편 원자력급 스테인레스강 개발 62
Fig. 2.1.1. Fabrication procedure of PWR reactor internals 499
Fig. 3.3.1. Configurations of test specimens... 534
Fig. 3.3.2. Mini-Varestraint testing apparatus for the evaluation... 535
Fig. 3.3.3. Notch location of welded joint for Charpy impact test 543
Fig. 3.4.1. Relationship between toata reduction ratio and deformation... 544
Fig. 3.4.2. Yield and tensile strengh changes as a function of... 545
Fig. 3.4.3. Elongation changes as a function of temperature 546
Fig. 3.4.4. Absorbed energies as a function of temperature of... 547
Fig. 3.4.5. Microstructures of the steels sensitized and etched with 10% Oxalic Acid. 548
Fig. 3.4.6. load changes at boiling MgCl₂ solution as a function of... 549
Fig. 3.4.7. Microstructure of SA welded joint. 536
Fig. 3.4.8. Microstructure of SA welded joint. 537
Fig. 3.4.9. Microstructures of weldment of each notch location... 538
Fig. 3.4.10. Comparison of tensile strength between welded joint... 550
Fig. 3.4.11. Hardness profile of P4L across the fusion line 551
Fig. 3.4.12. Variation in absorbed energy according to notch location of... 552
Fig. 3.4.13. Effect of test temperature on absorbde energy... 553
Fig. 3.4.14. Comparison fl absorbed energy of weld metal... 554
Fig. 3.4.15. Microstructure of tested materials after oxalic etching test 539
Fig. 3.4.16. Fudion zone hot cracking in tested materials at 3.8%... 541
Fig. 3.4.17. Changes in number of cracks with the augmented strain... 555
Fig. 3.4.18. Changes in total xrack length with the augmented strain... 556
Fig. 4.2.1. Pseudo-binary section of ternary Fe-Cr-Ni phase diagram at 60% Fe... 622
Fig. 4.2.2. Schaeffler diagram for stainless steel weld metal 623
Fig. 4.2.3. DeLong diagram for the determination of ferrite numbers in... 624
Fig. 4.2.4. Representative stress strain curves for 304, 316 and 317 steels (a) and compression and torsion... 625
Fig. 4.2.5. Dependence of T and strain rate of (a) σp (b) εp and (c) κp (20%,... 626
Fig. 4.2.6. Heating profile for high temperature oxidation test. 627
Fig. 4.2.7. Macrostructure of the continuously cast STS 316 at (a) the position... 628
Fig. 4.2.8. Solidification microstructure of the continuously cast STS 316 slab... 630
Fig. 4.2.9. Relationship between the δ-ferrite content and the distance from... 631
Fig. 4.2.10. Relationship between the δ-ferrite content and the distance from... 632
Fig. 4.2.11. Schematic diagram showing the temperature distribution along the... 633
Fig. 4.2.12. Predicted temperature profile at the different depths from slab... 634
Fig. 4.2.13. Roll force changes of Type 316L stainless steels during hot... 635
Fig. 4.2.14. Weight gain of Type 316L and 316LN stainless steels as a function... 636
Fig. 4.2.15. Scale morphologies of cross section of #6-3, #6-9, #6-11, and #6-15... 637
Fig. 4.2.16. Weight gain of Type 316L and 316LN stainless steels as a function... 638
Fig. 4.2.17. Scale morphologies of cross section of #6-3, #6-8, and #6-14... 639
Fig. 4.2.18. Heating profile for high temperature tension test. 640
Fig. 4.2.19. Variation of hot ductility of Type 316L stainless steels at... 641
Fig. 4.2.20. Variation of hot ductility of Type 316L stainless steels at... 642
Fig. 4.2.21. Variation of hot ductility of Type 316L stainless steels at... 643
Fig. 4.2.22. Heating profiles of stainless steels in box furnace which was set... 644
Fig. 4.2.23. Optical microstructures of Type 316L and 316LN stainless steels... 645
Fig. 4.2.24. Variation of hardness of Type 316L stainless steels which was... 653
Fig. 4.2.25. Variation of hardness of Type 316L stainless steels which was... 654
Fig. 4.2.26. Variation of hardness of Type 316L stainless steels which was... 655
Fig. 4.3.1. Variation of impact properties of Type 316L stainless steels with C contents... 656
Fig. 4.3.2. Variation of impact properties of Type 316L stainless steels with C contents... 657
Fig. 4.3.3. Variation of yield stress with temperature at each nitrogen content... 658
Fig. 4.3.4. Variation of UTS with temperature at each nitrogen content tested... 658
Fig. 4.3.5. Variation of elongation with temperature at each nitrogen content... 659
Fig. 4.3.6. Test conditions where serrations occurred during tensile tests of N01... 660
Fig. 4.3.7. Variation of critical strain , εc , for serration with nitrogen content... 661
Fig. 4.3.8. Variation of strain transited from type A to type B serration with... 661
Fig. 4.3.9. Cyclic stress response for nitrogen alloyed type 316L stainless steels... 662
Fig. 4.3.10. Cyclic hardening stress(maximnm cyclic stress-first cyclic stress) with... 663
Fig. 4.3.11. Dislocation structures after LCF testing at R.T. and 600℃ for... 664
Fig. 4.3.12. Low cycle fatigue life with (a) temperature and (b) nitrogen content. 665
Fig. 4.3.13. Maximum cyclic stress with (a) temperature and (b) nitrogen content. 666
Fig. 4.3.14. Cycles at maximum stress with (a) temperature and (b) nitrogen... 667
Fig. 4.3.15. Saturation stress with (a) temperature and (b) nitrogen content. 668
Fig. 4.3.16. Effect of strain rate on low cycle fatigue life for N04 at 600°C. 669
Fig. 4.4.1. Carbides distribution with progress of the aging at 700°C for #6-1 and... 670
Fig. 4.4.2. M₆C carbide morphology; (a) BF image, (b) SADP, (c) EDS analysis. 671
Fig. 4.4.3. Grain boundary Mo-rich phases in #6-9 alloy aged for 50h at 700°C; (a)... 672
Fig. 4.4.4. Oxalic acid test results for type 316 stainless steels; (a) #6-1, (b) #6-9. 673
Fig. 4.4.5. Optical micrographs of grain boundary structures after oxalic acid test; (a)... 674
Fig. 4.4.6. Cr-profiles normal to the grain boundaries; (a) EDS scanning location... 675
Fig. 4.4.7. Derivative AES spectrum from an intergranular fracture surface of (a) #6-1... 676
Fig. 4.5.1. Evaluation method for oxalic acid test a)step, b)dual and c)ditch structures. 677
Fig. 4.5.2. Oxalic acid test results and TTS curve for type 316L stainless steels with... 678
Fig. 4.5.3. DL-EPR test results for Type 316L stainless steels with different nitrogen... 679
Fig. 4.5.4. DL-EPR test results for Type 316L stainless steels of a)#6-18, b)#6-19, c)#6-22... 680
Fig. 4.5.4. Effect of the degree of cold working on sensitization for #6-18 alloy... 681
Fig. 4.5.6. OM microstructure after DL-EPR test for #6-18 alloy which was cold... 682
Fig. 4.5.7. SEM microstructure showing carbides for #6-18 alloy which was cold worked... 683
Fig. 5.3.1. Optical microstructures of 347V1 as-cast. 705
Fig. 5.3.2. Optical microstructures of cold rolled 347V1. 706
Fig. 5.3.3. Optical microstructures of annealed 347V1.... 707
Fig. 5.3.4. Anodic polarization curves of 347V1 with annealing... 708
Fig. 5.3.5. Stress-strain curves during SCC test of 316 and 347 alloys. 709
Fig. 5.3.6. SEM micrographs of fractured surface by SCC test... 710
Fig. 5.4.1. The geometry of weld part and orientation of J-R test specimen... 711
Fig. 5.4.2. J-R test results for base metals and weldments 712
Fig. 5.4.3. Optical microstructure of (a) GTAW and (b) SMAW weldments 713
Fig. 5.4.4. TEM and EDX analysis for GTAW weld: (a) small particles at matrix, (b)... 714
Fig. 5.4.5. TEM and EDX analysis for SMAW weld: (a) inclusions (b) EDX analysis... 715
Fig. 5.4.6. J-R fracture surfaces; (a) GTAW weldment, (b) SMAW weldment. 716
Fig. 5.4.7. Side view of crack propagation in (a) GTAW and (b) SMAW weldments 716
Fig. 6.2.1. Calculated isothermal section of the Fe-Cr-Ni system at 850°C,... 736
Fig. 6.2.2. Calculated isothermal section of the Fe-Cr-Mn system at 850°C,... 736
Fig. 6.2.3. Calculated vertical section of the Fe-15Cr-15Mn-1Si-3W-2V-1C-N... 737
Fig. 6.2.4. Calculated vertical section of the Fe-15Cr-15Mn-N alloys. 737
Fig. 6.2.5. Calculated vertical section of the Fe-12Cr-15Mn-1Si-3W-2V-1C-N... 738
Fig. 6.3.6. Calculated phase diagram of Fe-12Cr-xMn alloys. 739
Fig. 6.3.7. Calculated phase diagram of Fe-12Cr-15Mn-W alloys. 739
Fig. 6.3.8. (a) Optical micrographs of the MC1. 740
Fig. 6.3.8. (b) Optical micrographs of the MC2. 741
Fig. 6.3.8. (c) Optical micrographs of the MC3. 742
Fig. 6.3.8. (d) Optical micrographs of the MC4. 743
Fig. 6.3.8. (e) Optical micrographs of the MC5. 744
Fig. 6.3.8. (f) Optical micrographs of the MC6. 745
Fig. 6.3.9. (a) X-Ray diffraction Pattern of the MC1 annealed... 746
Fig. 6.3.9. (b) X-Ray diffraction Pattern of the MC2 annealed... 747
Fig. 6.3.9. (c) X-Ray diffraction Pattern of the MC3 annealed... 748
Fig. 6.3.9. (d) X-Ray diffraction Pattern of the MC4 annealed... 749
Fig. 6.3.9. (e) X-Ray diffraction Pattern of the MC5 annealed... 750
Fig. 6.3.9. (f) X-Ray diffraction Pattern of the MC6 annealed... 751
Fig. 6.3.10. Effect of Mn contents on the volume fraction of constituent phase... 752
Fig. 6.3.11. Effect annealed temperature on the volume fraction of constituent... 753
Fig. 6.3.12. Ferrite contents of MC6 determined by image analyses... 754
Fig. 6.3.13. Transmission Electron Microscopy of MC3. 755
Fig. 6.3.14. Transmission Electron Microscopy of MC3. 756
Fig. 6.3.15. Effect of Mn contents on the Mechanical properties... 757
Fig. 6.3.16. Effect of annealing temperature on the Mechanical properties... 758
Fig. 6.3.17. Effect of alloying element on high temperature... 759
Fig. 6.3.18. Effect of Mn contents on impact energy of Fe-12Cr-Mn alloys... 760
Fig. 6.3.19. Effect of Mn contents and annealing temperature on the hardness... 761
Fig. 6.3.20. Anodic polarization curves of experimental alloy solution annealed... 762
Fig. 6.3.21. Calculated phase diagram of Fe-Cr-Mn-0.2C alloy at 550°C. 763
Fig. 6.3.22. Optical micrographs of MC3 aging treated. 764
Fig. 6.3.23. Effect of aging temperature on the volume fraction... 765
Fig. 7.3.1. Conditions for the transformation temperature tests. 776
Fig. 7.4.2. Transmission electron micrographs after tempering treatment.... 777
Fig. 7.4.3. Optical micrographs after optimum tempering treatment.... 778
Fig. 7.4.4. Impact energy and hardness with tempering temperatures. 779
Fig. 7.4.5. Impact energy with test temperatures... 780
Fig. 7.4.6. Tensile properties at high temperatures. 781
Fig. 7.4.7. Stress-rupture properties at 550, 600°C. 782