Title Page

Contents

English abstract title 8

CHAPTER ONE. [제목없음] 11

1.1. Introduction 11

1.2. Problem Statement 14

1.3. Objectives of the Study 15

1.4. Justification of the Study 15

1.5. Conceptual Framework of the study 16

CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 17

2.1. What is Social Media? 17

2.1.2. Dimensions of Social Media Usage 18

2.1.3. Trend of Social Media in Nigeria 21

2.1.4. Characteristics of Social Media 21

2.1.5. Concept of Body Image Dissatisfaction 24

2.1.6. Concept of Body Esteem 25

2.1.7. Effects of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction 26

2.1.7. Psychological Adverse Effect of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction 27

2.1.8. Positive Effect of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction 29

2.2. Theoretical Background 30

2.2.1. Social Comparison Theory 30

2.2.2. Uses and Gratification Theory 31

2.2.3. Objectification Theory 31

2.3. Literature Review 33

2.3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Social Media Users 33

2.3.2. Influence of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction 33

2.3.3. Influence of Social Media on Body Esteem 37

2.3.4. Relationship Between Social Comparison and/or Self-objectification, and Social Media and Body Image Dissatisfaction 38

2.3.5. Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Social Media use and level of Body Image Dissatisfaction among Youths 40

2.3.6. The Role of Skin Color in Body Image Dissatisfaction 41

2.4. Research Hypotheses/Questions 42

CHAPTER THREE. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 44

3.1. Introduction 44

3.2. Participants/Sample 44

3.3. Data Collection Procedure 44

3.4. Description of the Survey Instrument 45

3.5. Data Analysis 47

3.6. Ethical Considerations 48

CHAPTER FOUR. DATAANALYSISAND RESULTS PRESENTATION 49

4.1.1. Data Analysis 49

4.1.2. Reliability Test 49

4.1.3. Internal Validity 50

4.1.4. Internal Validity 50

4.2. Demographic Profile 56

4.2.1. Gender of the Respondents 56

4.2.2. Age of the Respondents 57

4.2.3. Tribe of the Respondents 58

4.2.4. Religion of the Respondents 58

4.2.4. Marital Status of the Respondents 59

4.2.5. Area of Residence of the Respondents 60

4.2.6. Social Media Platform in Use 60

4.2.7. Time Spent on Favorite Social Media per day 61

4.2.8. Cross Tabulation of Favorite Social Media and Time Spent on Favorite Social Media/day 62

4.3. Descriptive Statistics of the Research Constructs (Variables) 63

4.4. Influence of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction (Body Part) 73

4.5. Influence of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction (Skin Color) 74

4.5. Influence of Social Media on Body Evaluation (Esteem) 74

4.6. The Mediating Relationship Between Social Comparison and/or Self-objectification, and Social Media and Body Image Dissatisfaction 75

4.4. Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Body Image Dissatisfaction? 77

4.4.1. Correlation Analysis 77

4.4.2. Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Body Image Dissatisfaction 78

CHAPTER FIVE. SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84

5.1. Introduction 84

5.2. Summary of the Findings 84

5.3. Discussion of Results 88

5.4. Limitations of the Study 93

5.5. Conclusion 93

REFERENCES 94

APPENDIX. 110

Korean abstract title 115

Table 4.1. Internal Consistency of Scales 49

Table 4.2. Correlation Coefficient of each item of the Body Image Scale 50

Table 4.3. Correlation Coefficient of Body Esteem Scale 52

Table 4.4. Correlation Coefficient of each item of the Social Comparison Scale 54

Table 4.5. Correlation Coefficient of each item of the Self-objectification Scale 55

Table 4.6. The distribution of the respondents according to their area of residence 60

Table 4.7. The distribution of the respondents according to the type of social media used 60

Table 4.8. The distribution of the respondents according to the time spent on their social media 61

Table 4.9. Showing the frequency in cross-tabulation of the respondent's favorite social media and time spent on it/day 62

Table 4.10. Body Parts Satisfaction scale 63

Table 4.10. Skin Color Satisfaction Scale 67

Table 4.11. Body Esteem Scale 69

Table 4.12. Regression analysis showing the influence of social media on body part 73

Table 4.13. Regression analysis showing the influence of social media on skin color 74

Table 4.14. Regression analysis showing the influence of social media on body evaluation (esteem) 74

Table 4.15. Binary Logistic regression for gender and Body Image Dissatisfaction 78

Table 4.16. Table Regression Analysis of Effect of Time Spent on Social Media on Skin Color 81

Table 4.17. Effect of Body Evaluation on Skin Color 81

Table 4.18. Indirect effect of Time spent on social media on Body Evaluation through Skin Color 82