Title Page

Contents

List of Abbreviations 10

Abstract 12

Chapter 1. Introduction 14

1.1. Background of Study 14

1.1.1. Study Area 16

1.1.2. Problem Statement 17

1.1.3. Objective and Scope of Study 19

Chapter 2. Review of Literature 20

2.1. Global Outlook on Waste Management 20

2.2. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cambodia 22

2.2.1. Legal, Institutional, and Administrative Framework 22

2.2.2. Present Scenario of MSW in Cambodia 35

Chapter 3. Methodology 41

3.1. Research Framework 41

3.2. Data Collection 44

Chapter 4. Result and Discussion 45

4.1. Determination of SWM Performance Indicators 45

4.2. Analysis of MSWM in Cambodia 47

4.2.1. Waste Generation 47

4.2.2. Collection and Transport 50

4.2.3. Waste Treatment 57

4.2.4. Waste Disposal 61

4.3. Target Development and Gap Analysis 65

4.4. MSW Generation Rate Forecasting 66

1) Correlation equation with GDP 67

2) Regression Analysis 69

3) Correlation between GDP and Population 71

4) Trend analysis and extrapolation methods 73

4.5. Roadmap Development for Efficient MSWM 79

4.5.1. Roadmap Overview 79

4.5.2. Phase-wise Approach to Roadmap Implementation 81

Chapter 5. Conclusion 91

Reference 93

Appendix 96

초록 97

Table 2-1. MSW Composition in Major Cities 37

Table 2-2. MSW Generation and Collection Rates 37

Table 4-1. Performance Indicators to Evaluate SWM in Cambodia 46

Table 4-2. Annual MSW Generation Rate of Cambodia 48

Table 4-3. Composition of MSW in Cambodia 49

Table 4-4. Private SWM Service Providers in Phnom Penh 52

Table 4-5. Waste Collection Activities of Each C&T Service Provider 54

Table 4-6. Monthly Fee for C&T Service, 2022 56

Table 4-7. Total Monthly Fee Paid to C&T Company, 2022 56

Table 4-8. Recyclable waste purchased by junkshops, 2010-2021 59

Table 4-9. Quantitative Management Targets 66

Table 4-10. Waste Generation Forecast Based on World Bank Estimation Method 68

Table 4-11. Waste Generation Forecast Based on Regression Analysis 70

Table 4-12. Waste Generation Forecast Based on the Correlation with GDP and Population. 72

Table 4-13. Waste Generation Forecast Based on the Extrapolation Methods 74

Table 4-14. Mean and Relative Standard Deviation Results of Per Capita Waste Generation Estimates Using the Estimation Method Applied in This Study 76

Table 4-15. Mean and Relative Standard Deviation Results of Waste Generation Estimates Using the Estimation Method Applied in This Study 77

Table 4-16. Composition of Waste in Cambodia, Estimated 78

Figure 1-1. Map of the Study Area: Kingdom of Cambodia 17

Figure 1-2. Administrative Hierarchy in Cambodia 17

Figure 2-1. Sustainable Waste Management Hierarchy 22

Figure 2-2. Evolution of SWM Laws and Policies in Cambodia 23

Figure 2-3. Central and Local Administrative Institutions Related to Waste Management 32

Figure 4-1. Performance Evaluation of Generation Stage 47

Figure 4-2. Performance Evaluation of Collection and Transportation Stage 50

Figure 4-3. Waste Collection in Phnom Penh 55

Figure 4-4. Performance Evaluation of Treatment Stage 57

Figure 4-5. Informal Waste Pickers at Dangkor Landfill Site 60

Figure 4-6. Performance Evaluation of Disposal Stage 61

Figure 4-7. Annual Quantity of MSW Landfilled in Cambodia 62

Figure 4-8. Annual Quantity of MSW Landfilled in Phnom Penh 62

Figure 4-9. Dangkor Landfill Site 63

Figure 4-10. Solid Waste Mass Flow Analysis, Phnom Penh 65

Figure 4-11. The Correlation between Per Capita GDP and Per Capita Waste Generation 67

Figure 4-12. Roadmap for Solid Waste Management in Cambodia 81