Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

CHAPTER Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 14

1.1. Background and motivation of the research study 14

1.1.1. Statement of the problem 18

1.2. Research objectives, research questions, and hypotheses 18

1.2.1. The purpose of study 19

1.2.2. Research questions 20

1.2.3. Research hypotheses 21

1.3. Rationale of the study 21

1.4. Organization of the chapters 24

CHAPTER Ⅱ. E-PARTICIPATION IN THE MONGOLIA 25

2.1. Introduction of the study area 25

2.1.1. Why Mongolia? 25

2.1.2. Location 26

2.1.3. Population and Culture 28

2.1.4. The Economy 29

2.2. Mongolia as a subject for study 30

2.2.1. Participation experience of Mongolians 31

2.3. ICT in MONGOLIA 34

2.3.1. Statistics for internet use in the Mongolia 35

2.3.2. The availability and accessibility of e-government and e-participation in Mongolia 36

2.3.3. E-government projects in the Mongolia 38

2.4. The benefits of e-participation in Mongolia 41

2.5. Barriers and challenges in Mongolia 43

CHAPTER Ⅲ. LITERATURE REVIEW 47

3.1. Individuals' intentions, behaviors, and attitudes toward online participation 47

3.2. Defining e-participation. 50

3.3. Public service motivation and e-participation 59

3.4. Trust and e-participation 65

3.5. Red tape and e-participation 68

3.6. Public service motivation and trust 75

3.7. Public service motivation and red tape 77

3.8. Theoretical discussion and research framework 78

CHAPTER Ⅳ. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 84

4.1. Theoretical framework and research design 84

4.1.2. Research design 85

4.2. Data 86

4.2.1. Sample and data collection 86

4.2.2. Creation of survey instrument 88

4.3. Measurement 89

4.3.1. Endogenous latent variable: Individuals' e-participation intention (e-participation intention) 89

4.3.2. Exogenous latent variable: Trust in government 90

4.3.3. Endogenous latent variable: Public Service Motivation 91

4.3.4. Exogenous latent variable: Red tape 92

4.3.5. Mediator: Public service motivation (PSM) 93

4.3.6. Demographic variables 93

4.4. Data integrity 94

4.5. Other tests of data analysis 95

4.5.1. Explanatory factor analysis 96

4.5.2. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of Hypothesized Model 97

4.5.3. Mediation Analysis 98

4.5.4. The Bootstrapping 100

4.6. Hypotheses and analysis plan 101

CHAPTER Ⅴ. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 103

5.1. Demographic analysis of the data 103

5.2. Descriptive statistics 107

5.3. ANOVA of demographic variables and endogenous variables 108

5.4. Analysis of the structural equation modeling and hypotheses testing 112

5.4.1. Hypothesis 1: Trust in government positively related to public service motivation. 116

5.4.2. Hypothesis 2: Red tape negatively related to public service motivation. 116

5.4.3. Hypothesis 3: PSM is positively related to intentions to engage in online participation. 118

5.4.4. Hypothesis 4: Trust in government is positively related to intentions to engage in online participation. 119

5.4.5. Hypothesis 5: Red tape is negatively related to intentions to engage in online participation. 119

5.4.6. Hypothesis 6: PSM positively mediates the negative relationship between red tape and intentions to engage in online participation. 121

5.4.7. Hypothesis 7: PSM positively mediates the positive relationship between trust in government and intentions to engage in online participation. 121

5.4.8. Hypothesis 8: PSM negatively or positively mediates relationship between certain demographic variables and e-participation intention. 121

CHAPTER Ⅵ. DISCUSSION 122

6.1. Public service motivation and e-participation intention 124

6.2. Trust in government and e-participation intention 125

6.3. Red tape and e-participation intention 126

6.4. Trust in government & public service motivation 127

6.5. Red tape & public service motivation 128

6.6. Public service motivation (PSM) as a mediator 129

6.7. Implications of the study 131

6.7.1. Theoretical implication of the study 132

6.7.2. Practical implication of the study 133

CHAPTER Ⅶ. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 137

7.1. Summary 137

7.2. Conclusion 137

BIBLIOGRAPHY 141

요약 154

APPENDICES 156

〈Appendix 1〉 Survey Questionnaire 156

〈Appendix 2〉 Results of Exploratory Factor Analysis 160

〈Appendix 3〉 CFA after EFA model 161

〈Appendix 4〉 Assessment of normality 161

〈Appendix 5〉 CBM 162

〈Appendix 6〉 Indirect, Total effects 163

〈Appendix 7〉 SEM with control variables 164

〈Appendix 8〉 Regression analysis with control variables 164

〈Appendix 9〉 Correlation analysis with all variables 165

〈Appendix 10〉 R² analysis 165

〈Appendix 11〉 ANOVA of demographic variables with endogenous variables. 166

Table 1. United Nations (UN) E-Government report 2022 37

Table 2. A typology of e-voting 54

Table 3. Hypotheses of the study 102

Table 4. Demographic description of the data 104

Table 5. Correlation matrix of demographic variables 106

Table 6. Correlation matrix between latent constructs 107

Table 7. Descriptive statistics result 108

Table 8. ANOVA of demographic variables and endogenous variables (1) 109

Table 9. ANOVA of demographic variables and endogenous variables (2) 111

Table 10. Model fit indicators 114

Table 11. Validity test 116

Table 12. Results of the analysis 117

Table 13. Results of mediation analysis 120

Figure 1. Population pyramid of Mongolia 2023 28

Figure 2. Research model of the study 85

Figure 3. Research design of the study 86

Figure 4. CFA model 98

Figure 5. Mediation paths 99

Figure 6. Types of Mediation 100

Figure 7. Structural equation path model and estimates 113