Title Page

Abstract

Contents

Abbreviations 9

CHAPTER Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 13

1.1. Background 13

1.2. Overview of the Cooking Energy Sector 14

1.3. The Sustainable development goal agenda within the cooking sector 17

1.4. Problem Statement 20

1.5. Research Question 22

1.6. Research Objectives 22

1.6.1. Main Objective 22

1.6.2. Specific Objectives 22

1.7. Research Justification 22

CHAPTER Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 24

2.1. Background and trends in the cooking sector 24

2.2. Alternative cooking energies 27

2.3. Energy transition in the cooking sector 28

2.4. Cooking fuels consumption and habits 29

2.5. Education and Cooking Fuels Choice 31

2.6. The Theory of Planned Behavior 32

2.6.1. Application of the theory of planned behavior 34

2.7. Hypothesis 35

CHAPTER Ⅲ. MATERIAL AND METHODS 37

3.1. Research Methodology 37

3.1.1. Research approach 37

3.2. Data collection and methods 37

3.3. Study Area 38

3.3.1. Household head and decision makers on cooking practices 39

3.3.2. The urgency of addressing the issue in the study area 40

3.4. Sampling 41

3.5. Procedure 43

3.6. Measurement 45

CHAPTER Ⅳ. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47

4.1. Results 47

4.1.1. Cooking fuels per type 48

4.1.2. Constructs 50

4.1.3. Measurement Model Assessment 52

4.1.4. Structural Equation Modeling 55

4.1.5. Hypothesis testing 56

4.2. Discussion 57

CHAPTER Ⅴ. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 61

5.1. Conclusion 61

5.2. State of limitation 64

5.3. Recommendations 66

REFERENCES 69

국문초록 81

APPENDICES 82

Appendix 1. Survey Questionnaire and Constructs 82

Appendix 2. Table of Correlations 85

Appendix 3. Kaiser Meyer Olkin Test 85

Table 1. Sample Size By Stratum 42

Table 3. Measurement Variables 45

Table 2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 47

Table 4. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Correlation Matrix of Measuring Variables 52

Table 5. Kaser-Meyer-Olking and Batlett's Test 53

Table 6. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Correlation Matrix of Measuring Variables 54

Table 7. Goodness-of-Fit Model 55

Table 8. Hypothesis Testing 56

Figure 1. Deforestation Caused by Charcoal Production 15

Figure 2. Exposure to Pollution from Cooking Fuels 21

Figure 3. Categories of Cooking Fuels 25

Figure 4. Upgrading from the theory of reasoned action to the theory of planned behavior. PBC -perceived behavioral control and B.I- behavioral intention 34

Figure 5. Map of Maputo City in Mozambique 39

Figure 6. Cooking Fuels Mix in Maputo City 49