Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 17
국문요약 19
INTRODUCTION 21
Materials and methods 24
Sample collection and identification 24
General morphology 25
Scanning electron microscopy 32
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing 32
Phylogeny analysis 33
Result and Discussion 36
List of species 36
Systematic study 39
Conclusion 187
REFERENCES 189
Table 1. List of sampling sites. 35
Table 2. Morphometric data for Diophrys quadrinucleata. 42
Table 3. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Diophrys species. 44
Table 4. Morphometric data for Keronopsis koreana n. sp. 50
Table 5. Comparison of Keronopsis koreana n. sp. with similar species. 51
Table 6. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of five keronopsid species. 55
Table 7. Morphometric data for Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. 62
Table 8. Comparison of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. with similar species. 63
Table 9. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of five Strongylidium species. 68
Table 10. Morphometric data for Mixophrya pantanalensis pantanalensis. 72
Table 11. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of five Oxytrichidae species. 74
Table 12. Morphometric data for Monomicrocyron trimarginalis n. sp. 81
Table 13. Comparison of Monomicrocaryon trimarginalis n. sp. with similar species. 82
Table 14. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of four Monomicrocaryon species. 87
Table 15. Morphometric data for Oxytricha lithofera. 91
Table 16. Morphometric data for Oxytricha multilineata. 96
Table 17. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected nine Oxytrichidae species. 98
Table 18. Morphometric data for Pleurotricha curdsi. 101
Table 19. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Pleurotricha species. 105
Table 20. Morphometric data for Rigidocortex quadrinucleatus. 108
Table 21. Morphometric data for Sterkiella tetracirrata. 112
Table 22. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected ten Oxytrichidae species. 115
Table 23. Morphometric data for Urosoma salmastra. 119
Table 24. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Urosoma species. 120
Table 25. Morphometric data for Urosomoida agilis. 123
Table 26. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Urosomida species. 125
Table 27. Morphometric data for Bakuella granulifera. 132
Table 28. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Bakuella species. 135
Table 29. Morphometric data for Caudiurostyla sinensis. 138
Table 30. Morphometric data for Pseudokeronopsis similis. 142
Table 31. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Pseudokeronopsis species. 144
Table 32. Morphometric data for Anteholosticha bergeri. 148
Table 33. Pairwise distances between selected genus Anteholosticha 18S rDNA sequences. 151
Table 34. Morphometric data for Birojimia pseudomuscorum n. sp. 155
Table 35. Comparison of Birojimia pseudomuscorum n. sp. with similar species. 156
Table 36. Pairwise distances between selected Urostylids 18S rDNA sequences. 160
Table 37. Morphometric data on Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. 168
Table 38. Comparison of Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. with similar species. 169
Table 39. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of eight Conchophthirus sequences. 175
Table 40. Morphometric data on Ancistrum crissum. 178
Table 41. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of selected genus Ancistrum species. 180
Table 42. Morphometric data on Hinoftirius magnum. 183
Table 43. Pairwise distances between SSU rRNA gene sequences of five philasterida species. 185
Figure 1. Terminology of urostyloid ciliates (from Berger 2004) (A). Frontal-midventral-transverse cirri, derived from the same anlage, are connected by a broken line. AZM, adoral... 28
Figure 2. Terminology of urostyloid ciliates (from Berger 2004) (A-D). (A) protargol impregnation of a species showing three frontal cirri, proximal end (arrow marks) and distal... 30
Figure 3. Sampling sites of ciliates 34
Figure 4. Morphology of Diophrys quadrinucleata from live (A) and protargol-impregnated (B, C) specimens. A, Ventral view of live; B, C, Cirral base in ventral and dorsal views from... 43
Figure 5. Photomicrographs of Diophrys quadrinucleata from live (A, B), after protargol impregnation (C-E). A, B, Ventral views showing cirral pattern; C, D, Ventral and dorsal view;... 43
Figure 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Diophrys quadrinucleata. Diophrys quadrinucleata sequence is shown... 45
Figure 7. Keronopsis koreana n. sp. from life (A, D, E) and after protargol-impregnation (B, C). A, Ventral view of a representative individual; arrow indicates contractile vacuole. B, C,... 52
Figure 8. Keronopsis koreana n. sp. from life (A, B under bright field; C-G under differential interference contrast), after protargol impregnation (G, H) and in the scanning electron... 54
Figure 9. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Keronopsis koreana n. sp. The new sequences are shown in bold and... 56
Figure 10. Morphology of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. alive (A, B) and after protargol staining (C, D). A. Ventral view of a representative individual. B. Dorsal view. The arrow... 64
Figure 11. Photomicrographs of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. from live specimens using bright field and differential interference contrast optic methods (A-G). A-C. Ventral and dorsal... 65
Figure 12. Photomicrographs of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. after protargol impregnation (A-K). A-C. Ventral and dorsal views of specimen. D-G. Ventral and dorsal views of a middle... 66
Figure 13. Dividers of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. after protargol impregnation (A-H). A- D. Ventral and dorsal views of middle dividers showing the migrating cirri. E-H. Ventral and... 67
Figure 14. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. The new sequences are shown in bold... 69
Figure 15. Mixophrya pantanalensis pantanalensis from life (A-C) and after protargol impregnation (D, E). A, Ventral view showing lithosomes (arrows); B, Cytoplasm showing... 73
Figure 16. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of 5 species. The new sequences are shown in bold and arrow. Numbers... 75
Figure 17. Monomicrocaryon trimarginalis n. sp. from life (A, D-H), after protargol impregnation (B, C, I, J). A, Ventral view of a representative individual; B, C, Ventral (B) and... 83
Figure 18. Monomicrocaryon trimarginalis n. sp. in the scanning electron microscope (A, B) and during morphogenesis (C-L) after protargol staining. A, B, Ventral and dorsal view... 85
Figure 19. Monomicrocaryon trimarginalis n. sp. in during morphogenesis after protargol staining (A-I). A-D, Ventral and dorsal views of early dividers showing formed the oral... 86
Figure 20. Morphology of Oxytricha lithofera from live (A) and protargol-impregnated (B, C) specimens. A, Ventral view arrowheads denote lithosomes; B, C, Ventral and dorsal view of... 92
Figure 21. Photomicrographs of Oxytricha lithofera from live (A, B) and after protargol impregnation (C, D). A, Ventral view showing lithosomes (arrows) and contractile vacuole... 93
Figure 22. Oxytricha multilineata from life (A, B) and after protargol impregnation (C, D). A, Ventral view showing cytoplasm and arrow indicating contractile vacuole; B, Dorsal view... 97
Figure 23. Morphology of Pleurotricha curdsi from live (A) and protargol-impregnated (B, C) specimens. A, Ventral view of typical specimen live arrow denotes contractile vacuole (arrow);... 102
Figure 24. Photomicrographs of Pleurotricha curdsi from live (A-G). A, B, Ventral view arrow denotes contractile vacuole; C, Ventral view from live; D, Dorsal view showing cytoplasm; E,... 103
Figure 25. Morphology of Pleurotricha curdsi from protargol-impregnated (A-D) specimens. A, B Ventral and dorsal view of typical specimen; C, Ventral view showing macronuclear... 104
Figure 26. Photomicrographs of Rigidocortex quadrinucleatus from live (A-G) and protargol- impregnated (D, E). A, B, Ventral view arrow denotes contractile vacuole; C, Ventral view from... 109
Figure 27. Morphology of Sterkiella tetracirrata from live (A) and protargol-impregnated (B, C) specimens. A, Ventral view of typical specimen; B, C, Ventral and dorsal view of typical... 113
Figure 28. Morphology of Sterkiella tetracirrata from live (A-D) and protargol-impregnated (E, F) specimens. A, B, Ventral view of typical specimen live arrow denotes contractile vacuole... 114
Figure 29. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of 3 species. The new sequences are shown in bold and arrow. Numbers... 116
Figure 30. Urosoma salmastra from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C), and Urosomoida agilis from life (D) and after protargol impregnation (E, F). A, Cortical granules... 124
Figure 31. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Urosoma agilis. The new sequences are shown in bold and arrow.... 126
Figure 32. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of 11 species. The new sequences are shown in bold and arrow. Numbers... 127
Figure 33. Morphology of Bakuella granulifera from live (A, B) and protargol-impregnated (C, D) specimens. A, Ventral view of typical specimen live arrow denotes contractile vacuole;... 133
Figure 34. Photomicrographs of Bakuella granulifera from live (A-D) and after protargol impregnation (E-I). A, B, Ventral views arrow denotes contractile vacuole; C, Ventral view... 134
Figure 35. Caudiurostyla sinensis from life (A-E) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). A, B, Ventral view showing contractile vacuole (arrow); C, Ventral view from live; D, Ventral... 139
Figure 36. Pseudokeronopsis similis from life (A-C) and after protargol impregnation (D-F). A, Typical body shape in vivo; B, Contractile vacuole (arrow); C, Cortical granules on ventral... 143
Figure 37. Morphology of Anteholosticha bergeri from live (A, B) and protargol-impregnated (C, D) specimens. A, Ventral view arrow denotes a contractile vacuole; B, Pattern of cortical... 149
Figure 38. Photomicrographs of Anteholosticha bergeri from live (A-E) and after protargol impregnation (F-J). A, B, Ventral view showing contractile vacuole (arrow); C, D, Dorsal view... 150
Figure 39. Morphology of Birojimia pseudomuscorum n. sp. from live (A, D, E) and protargol- impregnated (B, C) specimens. A, Ventral view of a representative individual; B, C, Ventral (B)... 157
Figure 40. Photomicrographs of Birojimia pseudomuscorum n. sp. from life (A-G). A, B, Ventral views showing the body shape and the contractile vacuole (arrow); C, Dorsal view... 158
Figure 41. Photomicrographs of Birojimia pseudomuscorum nov. spec. from protargol- impregnated specimens (A-F). A-F, Ventral and dorsal views of specimen. AZM, adoral zone... 159
Figure 42. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of 5 species. The new sequences are shown in bold and arrow. Numbers... 161
Figure 43. Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B-D). A, Cytoplasm views showing the arrangement of granules on the anterior ventral side;... 170
Figure 44. Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. from life (A-G). A, B, Ventral view of a representative individual arrow indicates a contractile vacuole; C, Ventral view of the specimen... 171
Figure 45. Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. after protargol impregnation (A-D). A, Ventral view of the holotype specimen showing its body shape and ciliary pattern; B, Dorsal view... 172
Figure 46. Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. after wet silver nitrate staining (A-C). A, Ventral view of the specimen showing its ciliary pattern and contractile vacuole pore (arrow);... 173
Figure 47. Conchophthirus sinanodontae n. sp. in the scanning electron microscope (A-D). A, B, Ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view showing the body shape and ciliary pattern; C, Dorsal view... 174
Figure 48. Ancistrum crassum from life (A-D), after protargol impregnation (E-G). A, B, Ventral views showing the body shape and the contractile vacuole (arrow); C, Ventral view... 179
Figure 49. Hinoftirius magnum from life (A, B), after protargol impregnation (C-F). A, Ventral views showing the body; B, Dorsal view showing the thigmotactic field and anterior... 184
Figure 50. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of 3 species. The new sequences are shown in bold and arrow. Numbers... 186