Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 14
국문 초록 16
INTRODUCTION 18
MATERIALS AND METHODS 24
Sampling and morphological analysis 24
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and molecular analysis 25
Morphology of Monogononta 34
1. External morphology (Fig. 3) 34
2. Corona (Fig. 4) 35
3. Trophi (Fig. 5) 36
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41
Key to Families of Korean Monogononta 41
List of species 43
Systematic accounts 47
Species inquirendae 194
CONCLUSION 220
REFERENCES 222
Table 1. List of sampling sites. 28
Table 2. Deposit and GenBank number of the species in this study. 31
Table 3. Primer sets and annealing temperatures. 33
Table 4. Genetic distance of Filinia species using three molecular markers. 55
Table 5. Genetic distance of dicranophorid rotifers using 18S rDNA. 78
Table 6. Genetic distance of Encentrum species using 28S rDNA. 83
Table 7. Genetic distance of Lecane rotifers using 18S rDNA. 104
Table 8. Genetic distance of Squatinella species using 18S rDNA. 128
Table 9. Genetic distance of notommatid rotifers using COI gene. GenBank numbers for each species are shown in Fig. 34. 141
Table 10. Genetic distance of Cephalodella species using 18S rDNA. 142
Table 11. Genetic distance of Notommata species using 18S rDNA. 165
Table 12. Genetic distance of Proales species using three molecular markers. 177
Table 13. Genetic distance of Synchaeta species using COI gene. GenBank numbers for each species are shown in Fig. 57. 182
Table 14. Genetic distance of Synchaeta species using 18S rDNA. 183
Table 15. Genetic distance of Trichocerca species using COI gene. 189
Table 16. Genetic distance of Trichocerca species using 18S and 28S rDNA. 190
Figure 1. General life cycle of monogonont rotifers, modified from Wallace et al. (2015). 23
Figure 2. Sampling sites of Korean monogonont rotifers. 27
Figure 3. General morphology of monogonont rotifers, modified from Segers (2004). Abbreviations: b=bladder, co=corona, cr=corona retractor, da=dorsal... 38
Figure 4. Corona types of monogonont rotifers, modified from Fontaneto & De Smet (2015). A, B Notommata C Cyrtonia D Euchlanis E Epiphanes F Brachionus... 39
Figure 5. Trophi types of monogonont rotifers, SEM images. A malleoramate type, B uncinate type, modified from Segers (2004) C malleate type D virgate type E... 40
Figure 6. SEM images of Testudinella tridentata Smirnov, 1931 A habitus, ventral view B habitus, dorsal view C trophi, dorsal view D trophi, ventral view. Scale... 50
Figure 7. Filinia hofmanni Koste, 1980 A line drawing of habitus, lateral view B, C SEM image of trophi: B ventral view C dorsal view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A)... 54
Figure 8. SEM images of Brachionus kostei Shiel, 1983 A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A, B) 10 μm (C) 60
Figure 9. Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908) A-C Line drawings: A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C denticulated median spines, lower... 63
Figure 10. SEM images of Keratella javana Hauer, 1937 A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C trophi, ventral view D trophi, dorsal view. Scale bars: 50... 67
Figure 11. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of Keratella species based on COI sequences, and TVM+F+I+G4 model. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap value... 68
Figure 12. Line drawing of Encentrum n. sp., lateral view. Scale bar: 50 μm 75
Figure 13. SEM images of the habitus of Encentrum n. sp. A lateral view, right side B lateral view, left side. Scale bar: 50 μm. Abbreviation: da=dorsal antenna,... 76
Figure 14. SEM images of the trophi of Encentrum n. sp. A ventral view B dorsal view C detail morphology of supramanubrium, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 μm.... 77
Figure 15. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of dicranophorid rotifers based on 18S rDNA sequences, and TVMe+I model. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap value... 79
Figure 16. Encentrum lutra Wulfert, 1936 A line drawing of habitus, lateral view B, C SEM image of trophi: B dorsal view C ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A)... 82
Figure 17. Encentrum cf. parvum Donner, 1952 A line drawing of habitus, lateral view B-D SEM image of Encentrum cf. parvum: B dorsal view C head, dorsal... 86
Figure 18. Paradicranophorus aculeatus (Neizvestnova-Zhadina, 1935) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars:... 89
Figure 19. Mikrocodides chlaena (Gosse, 1886) A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B, C SEM images of trophi: B ventral view C dorsal view. Scale bars: 50 μm... 93
Figure 20. Lecane clara (Bryce, 1892) A microscopic image of preserved specimen, dorsal view B SEM image of trophi, dorsal view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A)... 99
Figure 21. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of Lecane species based on COI sequences, and TVM+F+R5 model. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap value... 100
Figure 22. Lecane furcata (Murray, 1913) A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 10 μm (B) 103
Figure 23. Lecane inermis (Bryce, 1892) A, B Line drawings of habitus, ventral view C SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 50 μm (B) 10 μm (C) 107
Figure 24. Lecane nana (Murray, 1913) A Line drawing of habitus, ventral view B SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 10 μm (B) 110
Figure 25. SEM images of Lecane perplexa (Ahlstrom, 1938) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C trophi, dorsal view D trophi, ventral view. Scale... 113
Figure 26. Line drawing of Lecane pusilla Harring, 1914, ventral view. Scale bar: 25 μm 116
Figure 27. SEM images of Lecane unguitata (Fadeev, 1925) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C trophi, ventral view D trophi, dorsal view. Scale... 119
Figure 28. Line drawings of Lepadella triptera (Ehrenberg, 1830) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, ventral view C cross section. Scale bar: 20 μm 123
Figure 29. Line drawing of Squatinella lamellaris (Müller, 1786). habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar: 50 μm 127
Figure 30. Squatinella longispinata (Tatem, 1867) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM image of habitus, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm 131
Figure 31. Lindia torulosa Dujardin, 1841 A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B, C SEM images of trophi: B dorsal view C ventral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A,... 134
Figure 32. Trophi types of genus Cephalodella, modified from Koste & Shiel (1991) 1. Type A (a) ventral (b) lateral (c, d) variant 2. Type B (a) ventral (b)... 137
Figure 33. Cephalodella auriculata (Müller, 1773) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 10 μm (B) 140
Figure 34. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of notommatid rotifers based on COI sequences, and TVM+F+I+G4 model. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap value... 143
Figure 35. Line drawing of Cephalodella binoculata Yang & Min, 2023, lateral view. Scale bar: 50 μm 148
Figure 36. Live specimen of Cephalodella binoculata Yang & Min, 2023 observed under the optical microscope A lateral view B ventral view C eyespots... 149
Figure 37. SEM images of the trophi of Cephalodella binoculata Yang & Min, 2023 A ventral view B dorso-lateral view C detail rami and unci, ventral view D... 150
Figure 38. Cephalodella catellina (Müller, 1786) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 10 μm (B) 153
Figure 39. Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1830) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM image of trophi, lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 5 μm (B) 156
Figure 40. Cephalodella tinca Wulfert, 1937 A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 10 μm (B) 159
Figure 41. Line drawing of Notommata copeus Ehrenberg, 1834, dorsal view. Scale bar: 200 μm 163
Figure 42. SEM images of trophi of Notommata copeus Ehrenberg, 1834 A incus, dorsal view B ventral view C left manubrium D right manubrium E left uncus F... 164
Figure 43. Monommata maculata Harring & Myers, 1930 A Line drawing of habitus of preserved specimen, lateral view B, C SEM images of trophi: B ventral... 168
Figure 44. Line drawing of Proales amplus n. sp., dorsal view. Scale bar: 100 μm 173
Figure 45. Live specimen of Proales amplus n. sp. observed under the optical microscope A lateral view B dorsal view C ventral view D eyespots and mastax E... 174
Figure 46. SEM images of the habitus of Proales amplus n. sp. A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view, right side. Scale bar: 30 μm. Abbreviation: da=dorsal... 175
Figure 47. SEM images of the trophi of Proales amplus n. sp. A dorsal view B left manubrium, outside view C left manubrium, inside view D unci and rami,... 176
Figure 48. Synchaeta grimpei Remane, 1929 A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B-D SEM images of trophi: B ventral view C manubrium, lateral view D... 181
Figure 49. Trichocerca cavia (Gosse, 1886) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B SEM images of trophi. Scale bars: 50 μm (A) 20 μm (B) 188
Figure 50. Trichocerca taurocephala (Hauer, 1931) A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B-D SEM images of trophi: B left manubrium C incus D right... 193
Figure 51. Cyrtonia sp. A Line drawing of habitus, lateral view B, C SEM images of trophi: B ventral view C dorsal view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A) 20 μm (B, C) 199
Figure 52. Tripleuchlanis sp. A, B Line drawings: A habitus, dorsal view B cross-section C SEM image of trophi, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A) 50 μm (B)... 203
Figure 53. Line drawings of Lepadella sp. A habitus, dorsal view B cross section. Scale bar: 50 μm 206
Figure 54. Proales sp. A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B, C SEM images of trophi: B dorsal view C ventral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A) 10 μm (B, C) 210
Figure 55. SEM images of Proales sp. A ventral view of corona B toes and dorsal papilla (arrowhead). Scale bars: 20 μm (A) 5 μm (B) 211
Figure 56. Synchaeta sp. 1 A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B-D SEM image of trophi: B ventral view C manubrium, lateral view D rami teeth, ventral... 214
Figure 57. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of Synchaeta species based on COI sequences, and GTR+F+I+G4. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap value (BV).... 215
Figure 58. Synchaeta sp. 2 A Line drawing of habitus, dorsal view B-D SEM images of trophi: B ventral view C manubrium, lateral view D rami teeth, dorsal... 219