Title Page
Contents
Introduction 11
Essay 1. Environmental regulation, market competition, and green innovation 16
1. Literature review and hypothesis development 19
1.1. Environmental regulation and green innovation 19
1.2. Industry competition and innovation 21
2. Model and data 22
2.1. Model specification 22
2.2. Measurement of variables 24
2.3. Data 28
3. Empirical findings 31
3.1. Basic results 31
3.2. Results of the Threshold Model 32
3.3. Robustness test 37
3.4. Heterogeneity analysis 39
4. Concluding remarks 42
Essay 2. The effect of environmental regulation and FDI on firms' productivity in China: Using a DDD method 44
1. Literature review and Hypothesis Development 47
1.1. Environmental regulation and total factor productivity 47
1.2. FDI and TFP 48
2. Model and Data 50
2.1. Model specification 50
2.2. Variables and data 52
3. Empirical results 54
3.1. Preliminary results 55
3.2. Robustness tests 57
3.3. Heterogeneity analysis 61
4. Concluding remarks 62
Essay 3. Environmental regulation, marketization, and energy efficiency: Evidence from China 64
1. Literature review 66
1.1. Environmental regulation and energy efficiency 66
1.2. Marketization and Energy Efficiency 67
2. Model, variables, and data 69
2.1. Model Specification 69
2.2. Data and Variables 72
3. Empirical results 76
3.1. Basic analysis results 76
3.2. Quantile regression analysis results 77
3.3. Heterogeneity analysis 79
3.4. Robustness test 80
4. Concluding remarks 82
Conclusions 83
References 87
Table 1.1. Descriptive statistics 30
Table 1.2. Correlation matrix 30
Table 1.3. Basic model regression results 32
Table 1.4. Threshold-effect tests 33
Table 1.5. Results of the threshold value and confidence interval 34
Table 1.6. Threshold Regression Regarding Market Competition 35
Table 1.7. Threshold Regression Regarding Market Competition 37
Table 1.8. Alternative Estimation Method 39
Table 1.9. Heterogeneous analysis across industries 42
Table 2.1. Descriptive statistics 54
Table 2.2. Correlation analysis 54
Table 2.3. Variance inflation factors 54
Table 2.4. Estimation results of DID analysis 56
Table 2.5. Estimation results of DDD results 57
Table 2.6. Robustness check using alternative TFP measurement 58
Table 2.7. Pre-existing time trends 61
Table 2.8. Results of heterogeneous effects on different ownership 62
Table 3.1. Descriptive statistics 75
Table 3.2. Correlation analysis 76
Table 3.3. Multiple regression results 77
Table 3.4. Quantile regression analysis 78
Table 3.5. Heterogeneity analysis 80
Table 3.6. Results of the robustness test 81
Figure 2.1. Parallel trend test 59
Figure 2.2. Placebo test 60
Figure 3.1. Energy efficiency of Chinese provinces 75