Title Page
ABSTRACT
ABBREVIATIONS
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 18
1.1. Background 18
1.1.1. Recycling packages 18
1.1.2. Bio-based vanillin epoxy-reinforced CNF film 21
1.2. Objects of thesis 22
1.3. Structure of thesis 22
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL 25
2.1. Materials and chemicals 25
2.2. Recycling cellulose nanofiber from dairy package 26
2.2.1. The classical structure of the dairy package 26
2.2.2. Pulp isolation from dairy package 26
2.2.3. CNF isolation from the pulp 27
2.3. Vanillin epoxy resin-coated cellulose nanofiber film 28
2.3.1. Preparation of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) film 28
2.3.2. Synthesis of vanillin epoxy (VE) and resin 29
2.3.3. Fabrication of VE resin-coated CNF film (VE/CNF film) 30
2.4. Fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 30
2.5. Characterization 32
2.5.1. Materials characterization 32
2.5.2. TENGs characterization 36
2.6. Summary 37
CHAPTER 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 47
3.1. R-CNF 47
3.1.1. FTIR spectra 47
3.1.2. XRD analysis 48
3.1.3. XPS analysis 49
3.1.4. Morphologies 50
3.1.5. Mechanical properties 51
3.1.6. Thermal analysis 52
3.1.7. Wettability behavior 53
3.1.8. Optical properties 54
3.1.9. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 55
3.2. VE/CNF 72
3.2.1. FTIR spectra 72
3.2.2. Morphologies 72
3.2.3. Mechanical properties 73
3.2.4. Thermal analysis 73
3.2.5. Wettability behavior 75
3.2.6. Optical properties 76
3.2.7. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 76
CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION 92
REFERENCES 94
Table 3-1. Mechanical properties of CNF film and R-CNF film 63
Table 3-2. The thermal stability of CNF film and R-CNF film 66
Table 3-3. Mechanical properties of CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 82
Table 3-4. The thermal stability of CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE-CNF film 85
Figure 2.1. The classical laminated structure of the dairy package 38
Figure 2.2. The procedure involved in the pulp isolation from dairy packages 39
Figure 2.3. CNF isolation from the pulp and film preparation 40
Figure 2.4. The procedure involved in the fabrication of the CNF film 41
Figure 2.5. The procedure involved in the synthesis of vanillin epoxy (VE) 42
Figure 2.6. The procedure involved in the fabrication of vanillin epoxy resin-coated CNF film (VE/CNF film) 43
Figure 2.7. The brief mechanism diagram of triboelectric nanogenerators 44
Figure 2.8. Layer structure of triboelectric nanogenerators 45
Figure 3.1. The FTIR spectra of CNF film and R-CNF film 56
Figure 3.2. The XRD curves of CNF film and R-CNF film 57
Figure 3.3. The XPS regular survey spectra of CNF film and R-CNF film 58
Figure 3.4. The specifical C 1s peaks of CNF film (upper) and R-CNF film (bottom) 59
Figure 3.5. An AFM image of R-CNF 60
Figure 3.6. The tensile stress curves of CNF film and R-CNF film 61
Figure 3.7. The tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, and toughness of CNF film and R-CNF film 62
Figure 3.8. The thermal degradation curves of CNF film and R-CNF film 64
Figure 3.9. The derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves of CNF film and R-CNF film 65
Figure 3.10. The water absorption curves of CNF film and R-CNF film 67
Figure 3.11. The surface water contact angle of a) CNF film, and b) R-CNF film 68
Figure 3.12. The total transmittance and direct transmittance curves of CNF film and R-CNF film 69
Figure 3.13. The open circuit voltage VOC output of R-CNF film[이미지참조] 70
Figure 3.14. The short circuit current ISC output of R-CNF film[이미지참조] 71
Figure 3.15. The FTIR spectra of the CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 78
Figure 3.16. The cross-sectional SEM images of VE/CNF film 79
Figure 3.17. The tensile stress curves of the CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 80
Figure 3.18. The tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, and toughness of CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 81
Figure 3.19. The thermal degradation curves of CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 83
Figure 3.20. The derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves of the CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 84
Figure 3.21. The water absorption curves of CNF film, VE thermoset, and VE/CNF film 86
Figure 3.22. The surface water contact angle of a) CNF film, and b) VE/CNF film 87
Figure 3.23. The transmittance curves of CNF film and VE/CNF film 88
Figure 3.24. The open circuit voltage VOC output of VE/CNF film[이미지참조] 89
Figure 3.25. The short circuit current ISC output of VE/CNF film 90