Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 15
1. Introduction 16
2. Study area 18
3. Materials and methods 21
3.1. Hydrographic data 21
3.2. Climate data 22
3.3. Upwelling index 23
4. Results 25
4.1. Oceanic and atmospheric conditions controlled by ENSO 25
4.2. Hydrographic conditions 29
5. Discussion 32
5.1. Approximation of upwelling anomalies 32
5.2. Response of SST and chl-a to upwelling 35
5.3. Remote impacts on upwelling 38
6. Conclusions 39
References 42
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 51
S1. Introduction 52
S2. Study area 54
S3. Materials and methods 56
S3.1. Climate data 56
S3.2. △T and sea fog occurrence 57
S3.3. Volume transport across the KS 58
S4. Results and discussion 58
References 66
Figure 1. Map of the study area (red square in the inset) in the east coast of Korea. Arrows in the inset show the mean wind fields in June. TWC, EKWC, and NKCC in... 20
Figure 2. Remote impacts of El Niño and La Niña on the wind through external climatic factors in June. (a) Geopotential height (black) and NINO3.4 anomalies (red).... 26
Figure 3. Climatic impacts of El Niño and La Niña on upwelling index along the east coast of Korea. (a) Upwelling index variability during the ENSO period. The vertical... 28
Figure 4. Cross-shore sections of the monthly-averaged (a) 10°C isotherms and (b) 26 kg m⁻³ isopycnals. Profiles of onshore (c) temperature, (d) salinity, and (e) σt at...[이미지참조] 30
Figure 5. Climatological monthly-averaged SST and chl-a distribution along the east coast of Korea during (a, d) El Niño, (b, e) La Niña, and (c, f) difference (El Niño minus La Niña), respectively. 31
Figure 6. Approximation of the upwelling anomalies between El Niño and La Niña along the east coast of Korea. Offshore Ekman transport difference (△EK), vertical... 34
Figure 7. Monthly-averaged (a) SSH, (b) geostrophic current (v-component) at 36.125°N, and (c) geostrophic current (v-component) at 35.375°N with one standard deviation. 37
Figure S1. Map of the study area along the southeast coast of Korea. The green line represents 95% of New Camellia's ADCP observation path from 2004 to 2020. The... 55
Figure S2. Time series of VT, Df,CJU, and △TGJD. (a) VT across the Korea Strait. The black line, the yellow dotted line, and the orange line represent the total VT (VTT),...[이미지참조] 61
Figure S3. The negative relationships between (a) VTW and Df,CJU, and (b) △TGJD and Df,CJU , respectively.[이미지참조] 62
Figure S4. Correlation coefficients between climate factors and D f at all stations during the winter season.[이미지참조] 64
Figure S5. Comparisons between anomalies of winter Df,CJU and VTW, climate data, and △TGJD for (a) Scenario 1 and (b) Scenario 2 during the same season.[이미지참조] 65