Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 8
Ⅰ. Introduction 10
1. Background 10
2. Aim of the study 11
3. Hypothesis of the study 11
4. Limitation of the study 12
Ⅱ. Literature review 13
1. Exercise 13
1) Implication of regular exercise 13
2) Definition and effect of exercise modality 13
3) Definition and effect of exercise intensity 14
4) Effect of combined exercise 15
5) Effect of high intensity interval training 16
2. Mitochondria 17
1) Function of mitochondria 17
2) Relationship of mitochondiral function and musculoskeletal system 17
3) Response of mitochondria to exercise 18
3. Bone 20
1) Bone structure and function 20
2) Bone metabolism 22
3) Response of bone to exercise 25
Ⅲ. Methods 28
1. Subjects 28
2. Materials 28
3. Study design 29
1) Training protocol 30
4. Measurement 33
1) Body composition and physical performance 33
2) Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function 36
3) Bone microstructure 37
5. Statistics 37
Ⅳ. Results 39
1. Change of body composition 39
1) Change of body weight and muscle mass 39
2. Change of physical performance 41
1) Comparison of exhaustion test 42
2) Comparison of grip strength 43
3) Comparison of coordination ability 44
3. Analysis of muscle mitochondrial function 44
1) Oxygen consumption 44
2) Hydrogen peroxide emission 45
3) Calcium retention 47
4. Comparison of bone microstructure 48
5. Correlation between of physical performance and bone microstructure 51
6. Correlation between muscle mitochondrial function and bone microstructure 52
Ⅴ. Discusison 55
1. Effect of training modalities on body composition 55
2. Effect of training modalities on physical performance 57
3. Effect of training modalities on muscle mitochondrial function 58
4. Effect of training modalities on bone microstructure 60
5. Correlation between physical performance and bone microstructure 62
6. Correlation between muscle mitochondrial function and bone microstructure 62
Ⅵ. Conclusion 64
References 65
Table 1. Experimental materials 28
Table 2. Protocol for aerobic training of combined training 30
Table 3. Protocol for resistance trainging of combined training 31
Table 4. Protocol for aerobic endurance training of HIIT 32
Table 5. Protocol of exhaustion test 34
Table 6. Change of body weight 39
Table 7. Comparison of muscle mass 40
Table 8. Physical performance measurement 41
Table 9. Muscle mitochondrial O₂ consumption 45
Table 10. Muscle mitochondrial H₂O₂ emission 46
Table 11. Muscle mitochondrial calcium retention 47
Table 12. Measurement of bone microstructure 48
Table 13. Correlation between physical performance and bone microstructure 51
Table 14. Correlation between mucsle mitochondiral function and bone microstrucure 53
Figure 1. Study period 29
Figure 2. The treadmill utilized in aerobic endurance training 33
Figure 3. The ladder utilized in resistance training 33
Figure 4. Grip strength measurement 35
Figure 5. Comparison of body weight *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001 by paired t-test. 40
Figure 6. Comparison of muscle mass *, p<0.05 vs CON. 41
Figure 7. Comparisons of physical performance A, exhaustion test; B, grip strength test; C, rota-rod test; NS, non-significant; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01;... 42
Figure 8. Comparison of muscle mitochondrial O₂ consumption GM, glutamate+malate; GM3, glutamate+malate+ADP; GMS3, glutamate+malate+ADP+succinate 46
Figure 9. Comparison of muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01 vs CT; GM, glutamate+malate; GMSG3P, glutamate+malate+ADP+succinate;... 47
Figure 10. Comparison of muscle mitochondrial calcium retention WG, white gastrocnemius 48
Figure 11. Comparison of bone mircostructure *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001 vs CON; BV/TV, bone volume/total volume; Tb.N, trabecular... 50
Figure 12. Correlation between physical performance and bone microstructure BV/TV, bone volume/total volume; Tb.N, trabecular number Tb.Th trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp, trabecular seperation. 52
Figure 13. Correlation between muscle mitochondrial function and bone microstructure... 54