Title Page
Abstract
요약
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 11
Chapter 2. Method and Materials 14
2.1. Materials 14
2.1.1. Road dust sampling 14
2.1.2. Standard materials 14
2.1.3. Simulated TRWPs (S-TRWP) 16
2.2. Quantification of TRWPs 16
2.2.1. Pyrolysis method 17
2.3. Single particle analysis(SPA) 22
2.3.1. Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDX 22
2.3.2. Pre-treatment 23
Chapter 3. Results and Discussions 25
3.1. Characterization 25
3.2. Quantification of TRWP with rubber 33
3.3. Quantification of Phthalates 41
Chapter 4. Conclusion 48
References or Bibliography 50
Table 1. Condition of EGA-MS, TD-GC/MS and Py-GC/MS 20
Table 2. Quantification and concentration of TRWPs with rubber 37
Table 3. Quantification and concentration of Phthalates in TRWPs 44
Figure 1. (a) Sampling of road dust, (b) PM-10 collecting method, and (c) principle of cascade impactor 15
Figure 2. (a) S-TRWP laboratory with isolated simulation system (b) SEM images of S-TRWP 16
Figure 3. (a) EGA-MS, (b) TD-GC/MS and Py-GC/MS, and (c) schematic of quantification method 19
Figure 4. Pre-treatment for single particle analysis (SPA) 24
Figure 5. Raman spectra of road dust, NR, SBR, and S-TRWP 26
Figure 6. Pre-treatment result by Raman spectra of (a) before digestion and density separation, (b) before digestion/density separation-heavy part, (c) after digestion/density... 28
Figure 7. (a) Road dust no.2 single particle mapping, (b) Raman mapping with S-TRWPs with several dust particles 30
Figure 8. SEM-EDX images of (a) S-TRWP, (b) road dust sample no.5 (industrial), and (c) road dust sample no.15 (residential) 32
Figure 9. Total ion thermogram of EGA-MS with road dust sample no. 1 34
Figure 10. Total and extract ion chromatogram of Py-GC/MS (SBR, NR) with road dust sample no.1 36
Figure 11. Calibration curve of SBR 1502 and NR 36
Figure 12. (a) Mass fraction of PM-10 in PM-75, (b) TRWPs concentration of PM-10 within PM-75 40
Figure 13. Total and extract ion chromatogram of TD-GC/MS (Phthalates) 42
Figure 14. Calibration curve of Phthalates (DBP, DEHP) 42
Figure 15. (a) TRWPs-Phthalates linearity (b) SBR, BR-Phthalates linearity (c) NR-Phthalates linearity with all areas (1-16), industrial areas (1-8), and residential areas (9-16) 46
Figure 16. (SBR,BR)/NR ratio comparing PM-75 and PM-10 47