Title Page
Abstract
Contents
CHAPTER 1. Introduction 11
1.1. Overview 11
1.2. Thesis Organization 12
CHAPTER 2. Related Work 13
2.1. Clustering algorithms in wireless sensor network 13
2.2. Quantum Algorithm in wireless sensor network 14
CHAPTER 3. Cluster head selection through Classical and Quantum Algorithm 17
3.1. Connectivity of WSN 17
3.2. Energy Model 19
3.3. Expected number of clusters 20
3.4. Classical Weighted Clustering Algorithm 21
3.4.1. Objective of clustering 21
3.4.2. Weighted factors to select cluster head 21
3.4.3. An illustrative example for CWCA Algorithm 24
3.5.1. Introduction of Quantum Algorithms 27
3.5.2. Quantum Weighted Search Algorithm 34
CHAPTER 4. Performance Evaluation on classical and Quantum Approach 40
4.1. Classical Approach 40
4.1.1. Transmission Range for fixed network area with different node densities 40
4.1.2. Energy Calculation for intra and Cluster head to BS communications 42
4.1.3. Performance evaluation in terms of optimum number of clusters 44
4.2. Quantum Approach 46
4.2.1. IBM Quantum Simulator Results and Discussions 46
CHAPTER 5. Conclusions 50
REFERENCES 52
Table 1. The energy model's parameters and their descriptions. 19
Table 2. Calculation of CH selection parameters, and implementation of the CWCA. 26
Table 3. Truth table represent I-gate 29
Table 4. Truth table represent X-gate 29
Table 5. Truth table represent Y-gate 29
Table 6. Truth table represent z-gate 30
Table 7. Truth table represent H-gate 30
Table 8. Truth table represent CNOT-gate 31
Table 9. Quantum algorithm based on weighted targets parameters and its implementation. 37
Table 10. Iterations steps for finding the target nodes. 39
Table 11. Transmission range for fixed Network area and different node density. (Probability of connectivity considered 0.99) 41
Table 12. Computation parameters and values 42
Table 13. Energy calculation of Intra cluster communication 43
Table 14. Energy calculation of CH to BS communication. 43
Table 15. Computation parameters and values for optimum number of clusters 44
Table 16. Energy calculation of Intra cluster communication in 50 x 50 m² Area 44
Table 17. Energy calculation of Cluster head to Base Station (CH to BS) communication in 50 x 50 m² Area. 45
Figure 1. Graphical abstract (3D) of clustering architecture in WSN 11
Figure 2. (a) Isolated nodes are found. (b) By increasing transmission range rtx, connections are established in the whole network, and no isolated nodes are observed. 19
Figure 3. Flowchart of cluster head selection and cluster formation in the CWCA algorithm. 23
Figure 4. (a) Initial deployment of sensor nodes; (b) identification of neighbor nodes, (c) an example of the node-to-node distance calculation; (d) identification of the cluster head using... 25
Figure 5. Representation of Qubit Bloch Sphere 28
Figure 6. Two qubit in a superposition state 32
Figure 7. Changing the sign of the state to negative. 33
Figure 8. Inversion about the mean operation 33
Figure 9. (a) The relationship between the number of sensor nodes and transmission range. And (b) the number of clusters and transmission range. 41
Figure 10. Optimum number of clusters in (a) Intra-Cluster & (b) CH to BS communication. In Figure 10, (a) and (b) shows the minimum energy consumption in Intra cluster... 46
Figure 11. (a) Initialization of the quantum circuit; (b, c) represent Oracle marked states |1001〉 and |1100〉 (Note: the #1100 element is marked as (lsb to msb)); (d) the diffusion... 47
Figure 12. (a) QasmSimulator results when the number of shots=1024, and (b) when the number of shots=8192. 48