표제지
국문초록
목차
1. 서론 14
1.1. 연구 배경 및 문제 제시 14
1.2. 생태계 온전성의 정의 16
1.3. 이론적 프레임워크 24
1.4. 연구 질문 26
2. 재료 및 방법 27
2.1. 연구 대상지 27
2.2. 생물기상 관측 33
2.2.1. 이론적 배경 33
2.2.2. 플럭스 및 환경 요인 관측 38
2.2.3. 관측 자료의 처리 39
2.3. 자기-조직화 41
2.4. 통계 분석 42
3. 결과 43
3.1. 환경 요인 43
3.1.1. 기준상태 기간 43
3.1.2. 시험 기간 43
3.2. 복사 수지 47
3.2.1. 기준상태 기간 47
3.2.2. 시험 기간 47
3.3. 에너지 수지 50
3.3.1. 기준상태 기간 50
3.3.2. 시험 기간 50
3.4. 열역학 엔트로피 수지 53
3.4.1. 기준상태 기간 53
3.4.2. 시험 기간 53
3.5. 자기-조직화 57
3.5.1. 기준상태 기간 57
3.5.2. 시험 기간 57
3.6. 통계 분석 60
4. 논의 64
5. 요약 및 결론 73
참고문헌 77
부록 92
Appendix 1. 자기-조직화와 관련되어 있다고 제안된 생태계의 기능과 구조를 나타내는 상태변수 92
Appendix 2. 광릉숲이 유네스코 생물권보전지역으로 등재된 이유 95
Appendix 3. 지중열 계산 98
Appendix 4. 생물량 저류항 계산 99
Appendix 5. 환경 요인, 복사, 에디-공분산 플럭스 자료의 불확도 100
Appendix 6. GDK의 주변 기상관측소에서 관측한 환경 요인 101
Appendix 7. 정보 엔트로피 계산 102
Appendix 8. 자료 개수에 따른 정보 엔트로피의 민감도 테스트 104
Appendix 9. 후속 연구 108
Abstract 110
Table 1. Definitions of ecosystem integrity suggested by previous studies 20
Table 2. Definition, assessment method, and example of ecosystem integrity from reference state perspective and thermodynamic perspective 23
Table 3. The basal area at breast height, mean diameter at breast height, and tree density at vegetation permanent plots from 2006 to 2020 32
Table 4. Annually integrated precipitation (PPT), incoming shortwave radiation (Rs↓) and annually averaged air temperature (Tair), soil water content (SWC), and vapor...[이미지참조] 45
Table 5. Annually integrated radiation balance from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangnueng Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): incoming shortwave... 48
Table 6. Annually integrated energy balance from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangnueng Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK) net radiation (Rₙ),... 51
Table 7. Annually integrated thermodynamic entropy balance from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): production terms (σRsn, σRl↓, σ), transfer terms (JRsn, JRl↓, JRl↑, JRln, JLE, JH, JG, JB, J), and net ecosystem exchange of...[이미지참조] 54
Table 8. Self-organization (|J/σ|) from 2006 to 2020 observed in Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK). (Sign of the entropy transported out... 58
Table 9. Statistics of annually integrated or averaged environmental factors, radiation balance, energy balance, thermodynamic entropy balance, and self-... 62
Table 10. Correlations between state variables representing ecosystem function & ructure and self-organization (|J/σ|). (r is correlation coefficient and * indicates... 65
Table 11. Information entropy (I), self-organization (SO), and complexity (C) of the half-hourly time series of thermodynamic entropy production (σ), transfer (J), and net ecosystem exchange of entropy (dS/dt) from 2006 to 2020 observed in Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in... 69
Figure 1. Three zones and functions of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve 15
Figure 2. Alive ecosystem maintains energy gradient while minimizing the internal entropy accumulation via self-organization 25
Figure 3. Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): (a) panoramic view, (b) an old Quercus serrata with 500 mm in diameter at breast height, (c) large dead trees, (d) forest gap caused by dead trees, (e) dominant species - Q. serrata, (f) dominant species - Carpinus laxiflora 28
Figure 4. GDK fluxtower and forest flow monitoring facility: (a) GDK fluxtower, (b) monitoring equipment installed in the fluxtower, (c) and (d) forest flow... 30
Figure 5. An eddy-covariance fluxtower and vegetation permanent plots installed in the GDK watershed A red arrow indicates the location of the GDK fluxtower, and white numbers indicate the location of four vegetation permanent plots. The black contour line represents the contribution of... 31
Figure 6. Annually integrated or averaged environmental factors from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): (a)... 46
Figure 7. Annually integrated radiation balance from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangnueng Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): (a) incoming shortwave... 49
Figure 8. Annually integrated energy balance from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangnueng Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): (a) net radiation (Rₙ),... 52
Figure 9. Annually integrated thermodynamic entropy balance from 2006 to 2020 observed in the Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK): (a) σRsn, (b) σ Rl↓, (c) σ, (d) JRsn, (e) JRln, (f) JLE, (g) JH, (h) JG, (i) JB, (j) J, and (k) dS/dt. (The blue and yellow horizontal dotted...[이미지참조] 56
Figure 10. Self-organization (|J/σ|) from 2006 to 2020 observed in Gwangneung Deciduous old-growth forest in Korea (GDK). (The blue and yellow horizontal... 59