Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 16
1.1. Background 16
1.1.1. Energy Transition 17
1.1.2. Smart City 18
1.1.3. Smart grid 19
1.2. Purpose of the Research 21
1.3. Research Questions 24
1.4. Research Philosophy 25
1.5. Research Contribution 26
1.6. Structure of Research 29
Chapter 2. The Impact of the Energy Transition Role in Achieving Sustainability Towards Smart Cities - SLR 33
2.1. Introduction 33
2.1.1. Background 33
2.1.2. Smart cities and the Need for Energy Transition 33
2.1.3. Research Question 35
2.1.4. Previous related studies 36
2.2. Methodology 40
2.2.1. The strategy of search 44
2.2.2. Inclusion criteria 44
2.2.3. Filtering process 45
2.2.4. Validity and reliability 46
2.2.5. Energy transition publication trend 47
2.3. Concept of energy transition 48
2.4. Decision making of renewable energy policy 49
2.5. Socio- technical limitation of energy transition 52
2.6. Social acceptance of smart energy adoption 55
2.7. Discussion of findings 62
2.8. Conclusion and Implications 65
2.9. Limitations 68
Chapter 3. The contribution of solar PV in the energy system of Bismayah new city in Iraq 69
3.1. Introduction 69
3.2. Research Objectives and question 71
3.3. Solar PV contribution in the energy system from previous studies in Iraq 72
3.4. Consumption data analysis in Bismayah new city 74
3.5. The PV potential in Bismayah new city 76
3.6. Discussion of Results 78
3.7. Policy implications 80
3.8. Conclusion 81
3.9. Limitations 82
Chapter 4. Assessment and decision making for grid connection of photovoltaic systems in residential projects in Iraq 83
4.1. Introduction 83
4.1.1. Background 83
4.1.2. The influencing factors of selecting the grid type for PVs 85
4.1.3. Study objectives and questions 87
4.2. Iraq Situation 88
4.3. Literature review 90
4.3.1. Theoretical Background 90
4.3.2. Factors' identification 96
4.4. Methodology 101
4.4.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process method 101
4.5. Results 103
4.5.1. The expert team formation 103
4.5.2. Determining the structure 104
4.5.3. The strategic criteria weights 105
4.5.4. Categories results 105
4.5.5. Ranking of factors 106
4.6. Policy implications 109
4.7. Contribution 111
4.8. Limitations 112
Chapter 5. Staff specialist's perspective of distributed energy systems adoption in Iraq: perceptions and policy implications 113
5.1. Introduction 113
5.2. Literature review and theoretical background 116
5.3. Hypothesis development 122
5.3.1. Attitude of PSS towards DES implementation (ATT) 123
5.3.2. Behavioral intention towards DES implementation 125
5.3.3. Performance expectancy concerning DES implementation (PED) 125
5.3.4. Awareness level concerning DES implementation (AWR) 127
5.3.5. Social influence concerning implementing DES (SIP) 128
5.3.6. Security concerns of DES implementation (SEC) 129
5.3.7. Control Variables 130
5.4. Methodology 131
5.4.1. Research items 131
5.4.2. Data collection and sampling 131
5.4.3. Data analysis 132
5.5. Results 133
5.5.1. Demographic data of respondents 133
5.5.2. Descriptive statistics 133
5.5.3. Measurement model evaluation 135
5.5.4. The analysis of structural model 136
5.6. Discussion 139
5.7. Contribution 140
5.8. Policy implications and conclusion 141
5.9. Limitations and Future studies 143
Chapter 6. Discussion and Conclusion 145
6.1. Summary 145
6.2. Implications 149
6.3. Contribution 154
6.4. Limitations and future research 158
Bibliography 160
Appendices 192
Appendix 1. AHP Survey Questionnaire 192
Appendix 2. Smart-PLS analysis / Factor-loading 197
Appendix 3. Smart-PLS analysis / Cross-Loading 198
Appendix 4. Smart-PLS analysis / Survey questionnaire 199
국문초록 203
Table 1. The prior SLR studies 38
Table 2. Related SLR released after this study 39
Table 3. Included literature 41
Table 4. Criteria for papers selection 45
Table 5. Extracted limitations 58
Table 6. The main findings 64
Table 7. Research areas for future studies 65
Table 8. The major findings 79
Table 9. Contribution categories 82
Table 10. Summary of former studies 95
Table 11. Summary of the ultimate factors 97
Table 12. Categories of the study contribution 112
Table 13. Comparison between previous studies and this study 120
Table 14. Demographic data 133
Table 15. descriptive statistics results 134
Table 16. Constructs reliability and validity 136
Table 17. Control variables results 137
Table 18. Hypothesis test results 138
Table 19. Categories of research contribution 156
Figure 1. Research philosophy 26
Figure 2. Research Outlines 32
Figure 3. Drivers of sustainable smart city 35
Figure 4. PRISMA approach for retrieved records 46
Figure 5. Papers distribution by region 48
Figure 6. Renewable energy installed capacity by type 70
Figure 7. Iraq's 2025 plan for PV farms 71
Figure 8. PV potential in Iraq 72
Figure 9. Bismayah new city project 75
Figure 10. The annual power consumption for town A in Bismayah city 76
Figure 11. A- The design of buildings B- The roof-top plant 77
Figure 12.The distribution of output through a year 77
Figure 13. The hourly average of PV output 78
Figure 14. a & b: The annual contribution 79
Figure 15. Percentage of PV installations according to the type of grid 84
Figure 16. The integration of PV impacts on the power system 86
Figure 17. Bismayah new city project 90
Figure 18. Steps of identification the factors in Iraq 97
Figure 19. The proposed grid connection evaluation methodology 103
Figure 20. The proposed model 105
Figure 21. Synthesize of the main criteria and prioritization 106
Figure 22. The overall ranking of the factors 106
Figure 23. Aggregated group results 107
Figure 24. Top three factors of grid type selection 108
Figure 25. Top three factors of grid type selection 108
Figure 26. Ranking of alternatives 109
Figure 27. Global investment in the electrical grids in billion USD 114
Figure 28. Integrated model 123
Figure 29. Results of the main effects. 137
Figure 30. Path coefficient results 139
Figure 31. Summary of the governmental and international implications. 154
Figure 32. Research position 155