Title Page
Overall summary
Contents
List of abbreviations 15
Units and marks 19
CHAPTER ONE. General introduction 20
CHAPTER TWO. Literature review 23
1. The current situation of forage and grassland in South Korea 23
1.1. Forage production and supplementation in South Korea 23
1.2. Grassland production and utilization in South Korea 25
2. Composiotion of fecal microbiota in cattle 27
2.1. Fecal microbiota analysis in the feces of bovine 27
2.2. Changes in fecal microbiota according to diets 28
2.3. Bacteroietes 30
2.4. Firmicutes 32
2.5. Minor phyla(Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Verrucomicrobia) 33
3. Total mixed fermentation (TMF) 34
3.1. Characteristics of TMF 34
3.2. Improvement of fermentation quality in TMF 36
3.3. Effects of TMF supplementation on beef cattle 37
4. Role of lactic acid bacteria in silage fermentation 38
4.1. Silage fermentation 38
4.2. Epiphytic microflora on forage 41
4.3. The roles of LAB in silage 43
4.4. The characteristics of triticale 45
5. References 47
CHAPTER THREE[제목없음] 66
Study 1. Microbiota and serum metabolic profile changes in Hanwoo steers in response to diets feeding system 66
1. Abstract 66
2. Introduction 67
3. Materials and methods 70
4. Results 78
5. Discussion 90
6. Conclusion 96
7. References 98
Study 2. Comparison between concentrate with rice straw and fermented feed supplementation with forage silage: growth performance and carcass characteristics in early and late fattening period of Hanwoo steers 106
1. Abstract 106
2. Introduction 107
3. Materials and methods 110
4. Results and discussion 118
5. Conclusion 128
6. References 129
Study 3. Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculation on performance and microbial community dynamics in anaerobic fermentation of triticale silages at different stages 136
1. Abstract 136
2. Introduction 137
3. Materials and methods 140
4. Results and discussion 145
5. Conclusion 167
6. References 168
CHAPTER FOUR. General conclusion 176
Summary in Korean 179
Table 1. Proportion of domestic pasture, forage crop, and rice straw produced per year, with overlay of total domestic and imported annual dry forage tonnage 24
Table 2. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of concentrate 72
Table 3. Nutrient compositions, growth characteristics, productivity, and botanical composition of grassland during growing period and nutrition composition of rice straw 74
Table 4. Effects of feeding systems on grazing on growth performance and feed intake in Hanwoo steers during growing period 79
Table 5. Physiological parameters change in serum of grazing and housing at different periods 80
Table 6. Microbiota changes at the family level between grazing and housing steers 85
Table 7. Modulation of pyrotags at the genus level in grazing and housing steer feces 86
Table 8. Species level changes in fecal microbiota of steers in response to diet systems 86
Table 9. Nutrient compositions of rice straw, Italian ryegrass (IRG) silage and whole crop corn (WCC) silage 113
Table 10. Ingredient compositions and chemical analysis of concentrate and fermented feed 114
Table 11. Feeding program and chemical analysis of concentrate and rice straw separately feed (CRS) and fermented feed with forage silage (FF) 115
Table 12. Effects of feeding fermented feed supplementation with forage silage (FF) or concentrate and rice straw (CRS) separately feed on growth performance, total feed intake, and feed conversion ratio in Hanwoo steers during early and late feeding period 122
Table 13. Carcass characteristics and quality traits of Hanwoo steers fed concentrate and rice straw separately feed (CRS) and fermented feed with forage... 123
Table 14. Chemical compositions and meat quality characteristics between concentrate with rice straw separately or fermented feed with forage silage 124
Table 15. Fatty acid compositions in Hanwoo steers fed concentrate with rice straw separately (CRS) or fermented feed with forage silage (FF) 127
Table 16. Biochemical and physiological characteristics of selected strains 145
Table 17. Antibacterial activity of silages extract fermented with INO-52 and INO-54 at different moisture levels 146
Table 18. Carbohydrates fermentation ability of INO-52 and INO-54 147
Table 19. Extracellular enzymes production by INO-52 and INO-54 148
Table 20. Physiochemical characteristics and microbial profiles whole crop forage triticale at different stages on day 0 150
Table 21. pH, nutrient profiles, and microbial populations (CFU) 1 of chopped whole crop triticale silages on day 180 at different stages 152
Table 22. Lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ratio between lactic acid and acetic acid in early heading stage and heading stage of chopped triticale silages in response to LAB treatments (No, INO-52, INO-54) 156
Table 23. Community richness and diversity of species in experimental silages 158
Figure 1. Goods and services provided by grasslands 27
Figure 2. Four phases of the mechanism of silage fermentation 41
Figure 3. Associations among epiphytic lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid inoculants, silage fermentation. 42
Figure 4. Schematic representation of LAB inoculants synthesizing organic acid metabolic pathway during silage fermentation (modified from Okoye et al., 2023;... 46
Figure 5. Diversity indices and principal coordinate plots operational taxonomic units (OTUs) level weighted Unifrac distance between steer groups. (a) OTUs and... 82
Figure 6. A rarefaction analysis of the fecal microbiota of grazing and housing steers. 83
Figure 7. Relative abundance of microbiota changes in grazing and housing steers at phylum level. 84
Figure 8. Heatmap correlation between the microbiota at the phylum level and serum metabolic profiles in experimental steers. Albumin (ALB), creatinine... 87
Figure 9. The correlation between genus level microbiota and serum metabolic profiles in experimental steers is represented by a heatmap.... 89
Figure 10. Experimental design and animal feeding system for concentrate and rice straw separately feed (CRS) and fermented feed with forage silage (FF).... 112
Figure 11. Relative abundances of bacterial community dynamics at day 180 in the early heading and heading stages of triticale silages with INO-52 (novel inoculants of L. rhamanosus-52) and INO-54 (novel inoculants of L. rhamanosus-54) (a) relative abundances of... 159
Figure 12. Relative abundances of bacterial community dynamics at the species level and Principal coordinate analysis. (a) relative abundance of bacterial ecology at species level in non-inoculants (No) and inoculants (INO-52 and INO-54) applied silages; Differences in... 164
Figure 13. Spearman correlation heatmap of bacterial dynamics at species and fermentative metabolites of early heading stages triticale silage at 180d. (a) correlation analysis bacteria at species level between Inoculated and non-inoculated silages; (b) correlation analysis... 165
Figure 14. Spearman correlation heatmap of bacterial dynamics at species and fermentative metabolites of heading stages triticale silage at 180d. (a) correlation analysis bacteria at species level between Inoculated and non-inoculated silages; (b) correlation analysis between... 166