Title Page
ABSTRACT
국문 초록
PREFACE
Contents
NOMENCLATURE 20
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 21
1.1. Benefits of Ocean Climate 21
1.1.1. Marine exercise retreat program development 21
1.1.2. Exercise within the Marine Exercise Program 23
1.2. Investigation BDNF, and cytokines in the marine exercise program 26
1.3. Investigation Cortisol awakening response in the marine exercise program 26
1.3.1. CAR and stress 27
1.4. Exercise and BDNF, cytokines, and CAR 28
1.5. Menopausal women and BDNF, cytokines, and CAR 29
1.6. Purpose of the study 30
CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31
2.1. Recruitment of subjects 31
2.2. Study design 32
2.3. Study protocol for exercise and measurements 33
2.4. Blood sampling and analysis 33
2.5. Cortisol measurement 35
2.6. Melatonin measurement 36
2.7. Circadian rhythm analysis 37
2.8. Sleep analysis 37
2.9. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measurement 38
2.10. Intensity of exercise 38
2.11. Pulmonary function measurement 39
2.12. Questionnaire 39
2.12.1. Investigation of general characteristics 39
2.12.2. Mental health assessment 39
2.12.3. Mood state assessment 40
2.12.4. Menopause symptom assessment 40
2.12.5. Sleep quality assessment 41
2.13. Statistical analysis 41
CHAPTER 3. RESULT 42
3.1. Change in CAR, BDNF, and cytokines through the program 42
3.2. Differences in CAR, BDNF, and cytokines based on individual characteristics 45
3.3. Analysis of correlation among CAR, BDNF, and cytokines 60
3.4. Differences in CAR based on various factors that affect CAR 63
3.5. Multivariate regression analysis of factors influencing CAR 72
CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION 76
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 89
REFERENCES 90
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 106
Table 1. CAR differences in relation to individual characteristics prior to the marine exercise program 46
Table 2. BDNF differences in relation to individual characteristics prior to the marine exercise program 48
Table 3. TNF-α and TGF-β differences in relation to individual characteristics prior to the marine exercise program 50
Table 4. CAR differences in relation to individual characteristics after the marine exercise program 52
Table 5. BDNF differences in relation to individual characteristics after the marine exercise program 53
Table 6. TNF-α and TGF-β differences in relation to individual characteristics after the marine exercise program 54
Table 7. Changes of CAR differences in relation to individual characteristics through the marine exercise program 56
Table 8. Changes of BDNF differences in relation to individual characteristics through the marine exercise program 58
Table 9. Changes of TNF-α and TGF-β differences in relation to individual characteristics through the marine exercise program 59
Table 10. Analysis of correlation between CAR parameters and BDNF, CAR parameters and cytokines 61
Table 11-1. CAR differences in relation to multiple variables including stress, circadian rhythms, physical activities, and sleep prior to the marine exercise program 64
Table 11-2. CAR differences in relation to multiple variables including stress, circadian rhythms, physical activities, and sleep prior to the marine exercise program 65
Table 12-1. CAR differences in relation to multiple variables including stress, circadian rhythms, physical activities, and sleep after the marine exercise program 67
Table 12-2. CAR differences in relation to multiple variables including stress, circadian rhythms, physical activities, and sleep after the marine exercise program 68
Table 13-1. CAR differences in relation to multiple variables including stress, circadian rhythms, physical activities, and sleep through the marine exercise program 70
Table 13-2. CAR differences in relation to multiple variables including stress, circadian rhythms, physical activities, and sleep through the marine exercise program 71
Table 14. Factors affecting AVE prior to the marine exercise program through multivariate regression analysis 73
Table 15. Factors affecting AUCg prior to the marine exercise program through multivariate regression analysis 73
Table 16. Factors affecting AUCi prior to the marine exercise program through multivariate regression analysis 73
Table 17. Factors affecting changes in AVE through the marine exercise program through multivariate regression analysis 75
Table 18. Factors affecting changes in AUCg through the marine exercise program through multivariate regression analysis 75
Table 19. Factors affecting changes in AUCi through the marine exercise program through multivariate regression analysis 75
Figure 1. Nordic walking within the Marine Exercise Program 24
Figure 2. Beach yoga within the Marine Exercise Program 25
Figure 3. Study design 32
Figure 4. AUCg and AUCi used as CAR parameters 35
Figure 5. Indicators used to evaluate melatonin hormone 36
Figure 6. Changes in cortisol levels immediately after waking up through the marine exercise program 43
Figure 7. Changes in BDNF levels through the marine exercise program 44
Figure 8. Changes in cytokines TNF-α and TGF-β levels through the marine exercise program 44
Figure 9. Correlation between AUCg and TGF-β after the program 62