Title Page
ABSTRACT
초록
Contents
INTRODUCTION 14
1. Enhancing cognitive abilities can be achieved with cognitive enhancers that mimic various neural mechanisms. 14
2. Ampakines are a group of cognitive enhancers that modulate AMPA receptors. 16
3. CX516 (BDP-12), an ampakine, enhances learning and memory. 19
4. Various types of fear conditioning, which are associative learning paradigms, were used to evaluate the impact of CX516 on different kinds of learning and memory. 20
5. Spatial object recognition test was utilized to evaluate the impact of CX516 on non-aversive associative learning and memory. 22
6. Purpose of the Present Study 23
EXPERIMENT 1. Low dose of CX516 can enhance cued fear conditioning. 24
Exp 1.1. Methods and Materials 24
Subjects 24
Behavioral Apparatus 25
Behavioral Procedure 26
Drug Preparation and Administration 29
Exp 1.2. Statistical Analysis 30
Exp 1.3. Results 30
EXPERIMENT 2. CX516 cannot enhance immediate shock contextual fear conditioning. 33
Exp 2.1. Methods and Materials 33
Subjects 33
Behavioral Apparatus 34
Behavioral Procedure 34
Drug Preparation and Administration 36
Exp 2.2. Statistical Analysis 36
Exp 2.3. Results 36
EXPERIMENT 3. CX516 cannot enhance delayed shock contextual fear conditioning. 38
Exp 3.1. Methods and Materials 38
Subjects 38
Behavioral Apparatus 38
Behavioral Procedure 39
Drug Preparation and Administration 41
Exp 3.2. Statistical Analysis 41
Exp 3.3. Results 41
EXPERIMENT 4. CX516 cannot promote non-aversive contextual memory. 43
Exp 4.1. Methods and Materials 43
Subjects 43
Behavioral Apparatus 43
Behavioral Procedure 44
Drug Preparation and Administration 47
Exp 4.2. Statistical Analysis 47
Exp 4.3. Results 47
EXPERIMENT 5. CX516 did not alter the anxiety level and mobility of rats. 49
Exp 5.1. Methods and Materials 49
Subjects 49
Behavioral Apparatus 49
Behavioral Procedure 50
Drug Preparation and Administration 52
Exp 5.2. Statistical Analysis 52
Exp 5.3. Results 52
DISCUSSION 54
REFERENCES 57
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 71
1. Fear memory after immediate/delayed shock contextual fear conditioning. 71
2. Tone and footshock sensitivity after CX516 injection 72
Figure 1. Experimental paradigm of cued fear conditioning. 28
Figure 2. The effect of CX516 on cued fear conditioning. 32
Figure 3. Experimental paradigm of immediate shock contextual fear conditioning. 35
Figure 4. The impact of CX516 on immediate shock contextual fear conditioning. 37
Figure 5. Experimental paradigm of delayed shock contextual fear conditioning. 40
Figure 6. The effect of CX516 on delayed shock contextual fear conditioning. 42
Figure 7. Experimental paradigm of spatial object recognition test. 46
Figure 8. The effect of CX516 on spatial object recognition test. 48
Figure 9. Experimental paradigm of open field test. 51
Figure 10. The effect of CX516 on anxiety level and mobility. 53
Figure 11. Freezing levels during test sessions of immediate / delayed shock contextual fear conditioning. 71
Figure 12. Tone and footshock sensitivity after the injection of CX516. 73