Title Page
Abstract
Lists of Abbreviations
Contents
CHAPTER Ⅰ. Introduction 13
1.1. Background of the study 13
1.2. Problem Statement 19
1.3. Aim and Objective of the Research 20
1.4. Expected outcomes 21
1.5. Research Questions 21
CHAPTER Ⅱ. Literature Reviews 22
2.1. Consumer Preferences for Pesticide-Free Products and Willingness to Pay 22
2.2. Grapes in Myanmar and the Importance of Organic Agriculture 23
2.3. Pesticide Use in Southeast Asia and the Health Risks of Consuming Fruits with Pesticide Residues 25
2.4. Organic Pest Control Methods 27
2.5. Theoretical Framework of the Contingent Valuation Method 28
2.6. Review of CVM on Pesticides Free Fruits 29
2.7. Market Potential for Pesticide-Free Grapes in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar 31
CHAPTER Ⅲ. Methodology 33
3.1. Study Area and Site Selection 33
3.2. Sample Size 34
3.3. Data Collection 36
3.4. Questionnaire Design 37
3.5. Data Analysis 38
3.5.1. Awareness index (AI) 38
3.5.2. Awareness on pesticides spraying fruits 39
3.5.3. Awareness on pesticides free fruits 39
3.5.4. Consumer's Awareness on Harmful Effects of Pesticides Residue on Grapes 40
3.5.5. Willingness to pay (WTP) 41
3.5.6. Determination of factor influencing on WTP 41
CHAPTER Ⅳ. Results 44
4.1. Respondents Profile 44
4.1.1. Age, number of family and gender of the sample respondents 44
4.1.2. Education level of the sample respondents 46
4.1.3. Occupation of the sample respondents 47
4.1.4. Income of the sample respondents 50
4.1.4. Respondents preferences on grape, pesticides-free fruits and concern their health 51
4.2. Consumers' Knowledge on Harmful Effect of Pesticide Residues, Awareness Index and Reliability 52
4.2.1. Consumers' knowledge on harmful effect of pesticide residues 52
4.2.3. Actual scores of awareness index (AI) 55
4.2.3. Reliability test for awareness index 60
4.3. Consumer Willingness to Pay for Pesticide-Free Grapes: Bid Prices and Maximum/Minimum WTP 61
4.3.1. Frequency of the respondents' purchase grape 61
4.3.2. Consumer willingness to buy pesticide-free grapes 63
4.3.2. Consumers' willingness to pay for hypothesis bid price 65
4.3.3. Maximum and minimum willingness to pay for three kinds of grape 67
CHAPTER Ⅴ. Discussion 70
5.1. Discussion 70
5.1.1. Respondent Profile 70
5.1.2. Awareness on harmful effect of pesticide and pesticide-free fruits 71
5.1.3. WTP bids prices for three kinds of grape 73
5.1.4. Maximum and minimum willingness to pay for three kinds of grape 74
5.2. Summary of the Results 75
5.3. Determination of the Influencing Factor on Willingness to Pay 77
CHAPTER Ⅵ. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 82
6.1. Summary of the Research 82
6.2. Conclusions and Suggestions 83
6.4. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Study 89
References 91
Appendices 96
Appendix Ⅰ. Questionnaire Form 96
Appendix Ⅱ. Data Form 102
요약 109
Table 3.1. Questionnaire Design 38
Table 4.1. Age and number of family of the sample respondents 45
Table 4.2. Respondents' preferences on grapes, pesticide-free fruits, and health concerns. 52
Table 4.3. Analysis of consumer awareness on harmful effect of pesticides 54
Table 4.4. Group I respondents' awareness of pesticides' harmful effects 59
Table 4.5. Group II respondents' awareness of pesticides' harmful effects 59
Table 4.6. Group II respondents' awareness of pesticides' harmful effects 60
Table 4.7. Reliability test for AI of respondents on pesticide residue's harmful effects 61
Table 4.8. Max, min, avg max, and avg min WTP of respondents 69
Table 5.1. Respondent Profile 75
Table 5.2. Awareness on Harmful Effects of Pesticides and Pesticide-free Fruits 76
Table 5.3. WTP bids prices and max/min WTP for Three Kinds of Grapes 76
Table 5.4. Interaction for logit regression model for Italian grape 78
Table 5.5. Interaction for logit regression model for Black Queen grape 79
Table 5.6. Interaction for logit regression model for Moon Drop grape 79
Table 5.7. Willingness to Pay Prices for three kinds of grapes 81
Figure 3.1. Map of survey area of Nay Pyi Taw region 34
Figure 3.2. Respondents for Selected Grapes Varieties and Different Bid Prices 36
Figure 4.1. Gender of the respondents 45
Figure 4.2. Education of the Group I Respondents 46
Figure 4.3. Educations of the Group II Respondents 46
Figure 4.4. Educations of the Group III Respondents 47
Figure 4.5. Occupation of the Group I Respondents 48
Figure 4.6. Occupation of the Group II Respondents 49
Figure 4.7. Occupation of the Group III Respondents 49
Figure 4.8. Monthly income of the Group I respondents 50
Figure 4.9. Monthly income of the Group II respondents 51
Figure 4.10. Monthly income of the Group III respondents 51
Figure 4.11. Group I respondents purchasing times of grape 62
Figure 4.12. Group II respondents purchasing times of grape 62
Figure 4.13. Group III respondents purchasing times of grape 63
Figure 4.14. Group I respondents' willingness to purchase pesticide-free fruits 63
Figure 4.15. Group II respondents' willingness to purchase pesticide-free fruits 64
Figure 4.16. Group III respondents' willingness to purchase pesticide-free fruits 64
Figure 4.17. WTP of three consumer groups for a hypothetical bid price 66
Figure 4.18. WTP of three consumer groups for a hypothetical bid price 67