Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ACRONYMS 13
CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1. The Concept of Climate Change 14
1.2. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies within agricultural sector. 15
1.2.1. Crop diversification 15
1.2.2. Maize- legume diversification in Malawi 16
1.2.3. Agroforestry 18
1.2.4. Organic fertilizer use 19
1.3. Double-up Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. 20
1.4. Problem statement 22
1.5. Justification 23
1.6. OBJECTIVES 25
1.6.1. Main objective 25
1.6.2. Specific objectives 25
1.6.3. Research questions 25
CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 26
2.1. Introduction 26
2.2. Importance of climate change adaptation strategies 26
2.3. Characteristics of adopters and non-adopters of climate change adaptation strategies. 28
2.4. Determinants of farmer's choice of adopting climate change adaptation strategies 29
2.5. Modelling approaches in studying climate change adaptation strategies. 31
2.6. Summary 32
CHAPTER THREE. METHODOLOGY 34
3.1. Introduction 34
3.2. Data source and sample size 34
3.3. Sample design and coverage 35
3.4. Data management and Analysis 36
3.4.1. Comparing characteristics between double-up adopters and non-adopters of climate change adaptation strategies. 37
3.4.2. Assessing factors influencing double-up adoption of climate change adaptation strategies. 37
3.5. Conceptual Framework 38
3.6. Theoretical framework 41
3.6.1. Theory 41
3.6.2. Logit model 42
3.6.3. Marginal Effects 44
3.7. Specification of the Empirical model 45
3.8. Definition of Variables 46
3.9. Diagnostic test 51
CHAPTER FOUR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 54
4.1. Introduction 54
4.2. Results of diagnostic tests for econometric problems 54
4.3. Descriptive analysis 55
4.4. Factors influencing farmers decision to double-up adoption of climate change adaptation strategies 62
4.4.1. Results of Logit model 62
CHAPTER FIVE. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 71
5.1. Conclusion 71
5.2. Recommendation 73
REFERENCE 76
APPENDICES 82
Appendix 1. Test for heteroscedasticity 82
Appendix 2. Test for multicollinearity using Variance Inflation factor 82
Appendix 3. Test for multicollinearity for dummy variable using pairwise correlation 83
요약 84
Table 3.1. Sample size and district representative in the study. 35
Table 3.2. Hypothesis signs of variable for the study 51
Table 4.1. Double-up adoption of climate change adaptation strategies 57
Table 4.2. Climate change adaptation strategies adoption across regions 58
Table 4.3. Descriptive statistics for dummy variables 60
Table 4.4. Descriptive statistics for continuous variables 61
Table 4.5. Results of Logit model on factors influencing small holder maize farmer's choice to double-up adoption of climate change adaptation strategies. 63
Table 4.6. Results of Marginal effects after Logitmodel on factors influencing double-up adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among... 64
Figure 3.5. Conceptual framework 40
Figure 4.1. Overall double-up adoption of climate change adaptation strategies. 56
Figure 4.2. Household frequencies on adoption of climate change adaptation strategies across regions in Malawi. 59