Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS 13
CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1. Background of the Study 14
1.2. Problem Statement 16
1.3. Research Objectives 18
1.4. Research Questions 18
1.5. Hypothesis 18
1.6. Significance of the study 18
1.7. Organisation of the study 19
CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 21
2.0. Introduction 21
2.1. The Concept of Poverty 21
2.2. The Concept of Livelihood 24
2.3. The Concept of Social Protection 25
2.4. Theoretical Framework 27
2.4.1. Cash Plus Theory 27
2.4.2. Theory of Change 29
2.5. Global Action to Reduce Extreme Poverty and Ultra Poverty 30
2.6. Poverty Reduction Strategies and Social Protection in Ghana 34
2.7. Overview of Ghana's Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) Program 40
2.8. Empirical Studies on the Impact of Cash Transfers on the Standard of Living of Beneficiary Households in Different Geographies in the World 44
2.9. Review of Empirical Studies on the Impact of the LEAP Program in Ghana 45
CHAPTER THREE. METHODOLOGY 47
3.0. Introduction 47
3.1. Research Design and Approach 47
3.2. Profile of Study Area 48
3.3. Study Population 49
3.4. Sources of Data 50
3.5. Sampling Technique and Sampling size 50
3.6. Data Collection Procedure and Methods 50
3.7. Data Analysis and Presentation 51
3.8. Ethical Considerations 52
CHAPTER FOUR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53
4.0. Introduction 53
4.1. Demographic Characteristics of Beneficiary Households 53
4.2. Assessing the Impact of LEAP on Livelihood of Beneficiaries 55
4.2.1. Contribution of LEAP in improving Housing Characteristics of Beneficiaries 56
4.2.2. Contribution of LEAP in improving Asset Ownership by Beneficiaries 61
4.2.3. Contribution of LEAP in improving Skills Acquisition and Business Activities 63
4.2.4. Contribution of LEAP in improving Income status of Beneficiaries 65
4.2.5. Contribution of LEAP in improving Education in Beneficiary households 67
4.2.6. Contribution of LEAP in improving Access to health care 69
4.2.7. Contribution of LEAP in improving Food consumption in Beneficiary Households 70
4.2.8. Contribution of LEAP in improving MentalWellbeing of Beneficiaries 71
4.3. Challenges in the Implementation of the LEAP Program 73
4.3.1. Low cash grant to beneficiaries 73
4.3.2. Delay in the payment of cash grant 74
4.3.3. Inadequate Staff at the District LEAP Secretariat 75
4.3.4. Lack of monitoring and evaluation of the program 76
4.3.5. Lack of linkage of the LEAP to productive inclusive programs 77
4.4. Discussion of Findings 78
CHAPTER FIVE. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 81
5.0. Introduction 81
5.1. Summary of Findings 82
5.1.1. Impact of the LEAP on improving Housing Characteristics of Beneficiaries 82
5.1.2. Impact of LEAP on Asset Ownership by Beneficiary Households 84
5.1.3. Impact of LEAP on Skills Acquisition and Business Activities of Beneficiaries 84
5.1.4. Impact of LEAP on Income of Beneficiaries 85
5.1.5. Impact of LEAP on Education in Beneficiary households 85
5.1.6. Impact of LEAP on Access to health care by Beneficiaries 86
5.1.7. Impact of LEAP on Food consumption in Beneficiary Households 86
5.1.8. Impact of LEAP on Mental Wellbeing of Beneficiaries 86
5.1.9. Challenges in the Implementation of the LEAP Program 86
5.2. Conclusion 87
5.3. Policy Implication of the Study 88
5.4. Recommendations 88
REFERENCES 91
APPENDICES 96
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LEAP BENEFICIARIES 96
INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR DISTRICT SOCIAL WELFARE OFFICERS 103
요약 104
Table 2.1. Brief Overview of the LEAP Programme 43
Table 4.1. Demographic characteristics of Beneficiaries 54
Table 4.2. Household Orientation of Beneficiaries 55
Table 4.3. Number of rooms occupied by beneficiaries 56
Table 4.4. Construction materials of houses of Beneficiaries 59
Table 4.5. Source of drinking water supply for Beneficiaries 61
Table 4.6. Paired Samples T-Tests on Number of Animals owned by Beneficiaries 62
Table 4.7. Agricultural and Other essential Equipment Owned by Beneficiaries 63
Table 4.8. Acquisition of Skills and Business Activities of Beneficiaries 64
Table 4.9. Income status of Beneficiaries 66
Table 4.10. Educational Status of Children in Beneficiary Household 68
Table 4.11. Access to health care by beneficiaries 69
Table 4.12. Mental wellbeing of beneficiaries 72
Figure 2.1. Extreme Poverty Estimates of Sub-Saharan Africa 31
Figure 2.2. Countries with high Ultra Poverty burden 33
Figure 2.3. Economic Growth Rate of Ghana (1993-2018) 36
Figure 2.4. Trends in Poverty and Extreme Poverty Rates of Ghana (at US$1.90 a day (%), 2011 PPP) 37
Figure 3.1. Map of Upper East indicating Poverty Incidence across districts 49
Figure 4.1. Type of toilet facility used mainly beneficiary household 57
Figure 4.2. Main source of lightening in Beneficiary Household 58
Figure 4.3. Poverty Gap of Beneficiaries 67
Figure 4.4. Affordability of food for Beneficiary household 70
Figure 4.5. Beneficiary satisfaction on food consumption 71