Title Page
Contents
요약 9
1. Introduction 11
2. Materials and Methods 13
2.1. Preparation of mackerel wastewater and microorganisms 13
2.2. Biodegradation in a fed-batch process 14
2.3. Characterization of biodegradation 16
2.4. Characterization of biofertilizer components 18
2.4.1. Culture supernatant 18
2.4.2. Cell pellet 19
2.5. Phytotoxicty of biofertilizer 24
2.6. Hydroponics 25
2.7. Antioxidant activity 28
2.7.1. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity 29
2.7.2. 2,2' -azino-bis(ethybenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization activity 30
2.8. Economic analysis 31
2.9. Statistical analysis 33
3. Results and discussion 34
3.1. Characterization of biodegradation in a fed-batch process 34
3.2. Characterization of biofertilizer components 39
3.3. Test of biofertilizer components in short-term hydroponics 43
3.4. Application of biofertilizer to lettuce hydroponics 52
3.5. Economic analysis 57
4. Conclusion 66
Reference 68
Table 1. The N, P and K contents and concentrations of heavy metals in the culture supernatant at a final stage of biodegradation. 37
Table 2. Molecular-weight fractions of hydrolysates in biodegraded MWW in batch and fed-batch processes. 40
Table 3. Plant-growth-promoting activities of 11 microorganisms. 42
Table 4. Effect of each component in biofertilizer on wheat after 7 days of hydroponics 47
Table 5. Effect of viable cell number in biofertilizer on wheat after 7 days of hydroponics 51
Table 6. Growth indicators, health indicators and antioxidant activity in lettuce leaves after 30 days in open-flow lettuce hydroponics 53
Table 7. Result of the number of pathogens infiltrating into the circulating biofertilizer during lettuce hydroponics 56
Table 8. Cost evaluation to produce biofertilizer by a single biodegradation process of mackerel wastewater in both 3-L and... 60
Fig. 1. Changes in reaction parameters during the biodegradation in batch process (A) and in fed-batch process (B). 35
Fig. 2. GI values of the culture supernatant and culture broth at different dilution. 44
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of scanning electron microscope of microorganisms positioning on wheat root (A) and the morphology of wheat root cultivated on DW (B) and culture broth (C). Samples were taken after 7... 48
Fig. 4. Changes in reaction parameters during the biodegradation in 150 L reactor operating in fed-batch process. 58