Title Page
Contents
초록 10
ABSTRACT 12
Ⅰ. Introduction 14
1.1. General background 14
1.2. Hypothesis 17
1.2.1. Simply degradation process 17
1.2.2. The property of ferrate and its performance in water and wastewater treatment 18
1.3. Scope of the research 20
1.4. Literature review 20
1.4.1. Introduction of Potassium Ferrate (VI) 20
1.4.2. Introduction of Azo dyes 21
Ⅱ. Materials and methods 26
2.1. Materials 26
2.2. Synthesis of Ferrate (VI) 27
2.2.1. Dry method 27
2.2.2. Electrochemical method 28
2.2.3. Wet method 28
2.3. Experimental Procedures 29
2.4. Mechanism of the methods 30
2.5. Analytical methods 32
Ⅲ. Result and discussion 32
3.1. Synthesis of Potassium Ferrate (VI) by wet method 32
3.2. The result of the degradation of EBT by Potassium Ferrate (VI) 33
3.2.1. Effect of initial pH on degradation of EBT 33
3.2.2. Effect of initial dosage of Potassium Ferrate (VI) on the degradation of EBT 37
3.2.3. Effect of initial concentration of EBT on the degradation 40
3.2.4. Effect of temperature of EBT on Degradation of EBT 42
3.3. The result of the degradation of Orange II by Potassium Ferrate (VI) 45
3.3.1. Effect of initial pH on degradation of Orange II 45
3.3.2. Effect of dosages of Potassium Ferrate (VI) on the degradation of Orange II 48
3.3.3. Effect of Orange II initial dosages on the degradation 50
3.3.4. Effect of temperature on the degradation of Orange II 51
3.4. The result of the degradation of Reactive Black 5 by Potassium Ferrate (VI) 54
3.4.1. Effect of pH on the degradation of RB5 54
3.4.2. Effect of dosages of Potassium Ferrate (VI) on the degradation of RB5 55
3.4.3. Effect of initial concentration of RB5 on the degradation 57
3.4.4. Effect of temperature on the degradation of RB5 58
3.5. Differences between the degradation process of azo dyes 61
3.5.1. Comparison between EBT, Orange II, and Reactive Black 5 degradation capacity 61
3.5.2. Difference of optimal pH condition between azo dyes 62
3.5.3. Difference in degradation capacity between azo dyes 65
3.5.4. Application of degradation processes using Potassium Ferrate (VI) in industrial wastewater 68
Ⅳ. Conclusion 70
REFERENCES 73
Table.1. List of chemicals 26
Table.2. kₐₚₚ value of E.BT using Ferrate (VI) in various EBT initial concentration 42
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 17
Figure 1.1. Azo dye structure 17
Figure 1.2. Simplify the degradation mechanism of azo dyes by iron 18
Figure 1.3. Potassium Ferrate (VI) 21
Figure 1.4. Eriochrome Black T (EBT) 22
Figure 1.5. Orange II 24
Figure 1.6. Reactive Black 5 25
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHOD 30
Figure 2.1. Diagram for the experimental process. 30
Ⅲ. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 33
Figure 3.1. Potassium Ferrate (VI) after purification by chemicals 33
Figure 3.2. Effect of different initial pH on the removal of Cₒ[EBT]=100mg/L by Ferrate (VI).(Experiment condition: Ferrate (VI) dosage=10mg/L; Temperature=... 35
Figure 3.3. Removal rate of EBT by Ferrate at various pH levels. (Experiment condition: Ferrate (VI) dosage=10mg/L; Temperature=25℃; reactor volume=120 ml). 36
Figure 3.4. Removal ratio of different Cₒ[Ferrate] in Cₒ[EBT]=100mg/L with pH 7 and experiment temperature=25℃. 38
Figure 3.5. Ferrate (VI) exposure and Ferrate (VI) doses plot in the determination of EBT kₐₚₚ value. 39
Figure 3.6. Plot of Ferrate (VI) doses and kₐₚₚ as a bar graph. 39
Figure 3.7. Removal ratio of different Cₒ[EBT] after 10 minutes of removal by Ferrate (VI) 10mg/L with pH 7, Experiment temperature=25℃. 41
Figure 3.8. The ratio of different temperatures after 10 minutes of removal by Ferrate (VI) 10mg/L, pH 7, Experiment temperature=25℃. 43
Figure 3.9. Arrhenius plot for the decomposition of EBT in different temperatures with pH 7, Cₒ[EBT]=100mg/L. 44
Figure 3.10. kₐₚₚ values in temperature variation with pH 7, Cₒ[EBT]=100mg/L. 44
Figure 3.11. Degradation color process of EBT by Potassium Ferrate (VI) (From left to right: 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes, 8 minutes, 10... 45
Figure 3.12. Effect of different pH on the removal of Cₒ[Orange II]=100mg/L by Ferrate (VI). (Experiment condition: Ferrate (VI) dosage=10mg/L; Temperature=... 47
Figure 3.13. Removal rate of Orange II by Ferrate at various pH levels. 48
Figure 3.14. Removal ratio of different Cₒ[Ferrate] in Cₒ[Orange II]=100mg/L with pH 4 and experiment temperature=20℃. 49
Figure 3.15. Ferrate (VI) exposure and Ferrate (VI) doses plot in the determination of Orange II kₐₚₚ value. 50
Figure 3.16. Removal ratio of different Cₒ[Orange II] after 10 minutes of removal by Ferrate (VI) 10mg/L with pH 4, Experiment temperature=25℃. 51
Figure 3.17. The ratio of Orange II in different temperatures after 10 minutes of removal by Ferrate (VI) 50mg/L, pH 4 52
Figure 3.18. Arrhenius plot for the decomposition of Orange II in different temperatures with pH 4, Cₒ[Orange II]=100mg/L. 53
Figure 3.19. Degradation process of Orange II by Potassium Ferrate (VI) (From left to right: 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes, 8 minutes, 10... 53
Figure 3.20. Effect of different pH on the removal of Cₒ[RB5]=20mg/L by Ferrate (VI). (Experiment condition: Ferrate (VI) dosage=42 mg/L; Temperature=20℃;... 54
Figure 3.21. Removal rate of Reactive black 5 by Ferrate at various pH levels. 55
Figure 3.22. Effect of different Ferrate (VI) dosages on the removal of RB5 after 10 minutes of reaction time. (Experiment condition: Temperature=20℃; reactor... 56
Figure 3.23. Ferrate (VI) exposure and Ferrate (VI) doses plot in the determination of RB5 kₐₚₚ value. 57
Figure 3.24. Removal ratio of different Cₒ[RB5] after 10 minutes of removal by Ferrate (VI) 42 mg/L with pH 7, Experiment temperature=20℃. 58
Figure 3.25. The ratio of RB5 in different temperatures after 10 minutes of removal by Ferrate (VI) 50mg/L, pH 4 59
Figure 3.26. Arrhenius plot for the decomposition of RB5 in different temperatures with pH 7, Cₒ[RB5]=20 mg/L. 60
Figure 3.27. Degradation process of Reactive Black 5 by Potassium Ferrate (VI) (From left to right: 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes, 8 minutes, 10... 60
Figure 3.28. Different between the degradation capacity by Ferrate (VI) with the optimal condition for each azo dye. (Experiment condition: Ferrate (VI)... 61
Figure 3.29. Orange II distribution according to pH. 63
Figure 3.30. Ferrate (VI) distribution according to pH. 64
Figure 3.31. Effect of different pH on the removal of different azo dyes after 10 minutes of reaction time. (Experiment condition: Ferrate (VI) dosage=10mg/L;... 68
Figure 3.32. Ferrator® ferrate generation system 69