Title Page
Contents
국문 초록 8
Chapter 1. Abstract 10
Chapter 2. Introduction 12
Chapter 3. Materials and methods 14
Chapter 4. Results & discussion 26
Section 1. Effects of organic fertilizer derived from livestock waste on plant growth antioxidants, feeding value, and soil microbial population for forage maize(Zea mays L.) 26
Subsection 1. Results 26
Subsection 2. Discussion 41
Section 2. Effects of organic liquid fertilizer developed from livestock manure on plant growth, antioxidant activities and soil microbial population for Chinese cabbage 43
Subsection 1. Results 43
Subsection 2. Discussion 59
Chapter 5. References 62
Table 1. Chemical components of fertilizers remaining in the soil (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure + chemical fertilizer [HM+CF]). 27
Table 2. Chemical components of different liquid fertilizers (chemical liquid fertilizer [CLF], fermented liquid manure [FLM], and liquid Bio-fertilizer [LBF]). with electrical conductivity of 1.5 and the chemical components of soil after treatment 44
Table 3. Soil bacteria significantly correlated with chemical compositions determined by the Mantel test. 57
Figure 1. Growth difference of corn (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure + chemical fertilizer [HM+CF]). The plant height and width of leaves, and the stem diameter and No. of... 29
Figure 2. Difference of Feed value after different fertilizer supplies (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure + chemical fertilizer [HM+CF]). The values are the mean ± standard... 31
Figure 3. Differences in the contents and activities of antioxidants after different fertilizer supplies (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure + chemical fertilizer [HM+CF]).... 32
Figure 4. The amplicon sequence variant (ASV) approach of bacteria in the soils after different fertilizer supplies (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure + chemical fertilizer... 34
Figure 5. Compare bacteria in each sample at the phylum level. The box colors represent the phylum of bacteria (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM],... 35
Figure 6. The comparison of differentially distributed bacteria in the soils after different fertilizer supplies (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo... 36
Figure 7. Correlation analysis between soil properties and bacterial community structures in the soils after different fertilizer supplies (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure +... 39
Figure 8. Taxonomic composition of significant bacteria analysis in the soils after different fertilizer supplies (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM], Hanwoo manure [HM], chemical fertilizer [CF], Hanwoo manure + chemical fertilizer... 40
Figure 9. Growth difference of Chinese cabbage. (A) Phenotypes by different fertilizer supplies (chemical liquid fertilizer [CLF], fermented liquid manure [FLM], and liquid Bio-fertilizer [LBF]). (B) The plant length, chlorophyll contents, the length and... 47
Figure 10. Color measurement in the leaves of Chinese cabbage after harvest (chemical liquid fertilizer [CLF], fermented liquid manure [FLM], and liquid Bio-... 48
Figure 11. Differences of functional plant materials after different fertilizer supplies (chemical liquid fertilizer [CLF], fermented liquid manure [FLM], and liquid Bio-... 50
Figure 12. The amplicon sequence variant (ASV) approach of bacteria in the soils after different fertilizer supplies (chemical liquid fertilizer [CLF], fermented liquid... 53
Figure 13. Compare bacteria in each sample in the phylum level. The box colors represent the phylum of bacteria (no-treatment [NT], commercial manure [CM],... 54
Figure 14. Correlation of soil properties with bacterial community composition (chemical liquid fertilizer [CLF], fermented liquid manure [FLM], and liquid Bio-... 56
Figure 15. The relative abundances of significantly correlated bacteria in CLF, FLM, and LBF compared to NT. Circle size represents the number of bacteria for ASV. The color indicates the log 2-fold change of ASV with p-adjust 〈0.05. Arrow... 58