Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 10
1.1. Introduction 10
1.2.1. Research Objective 14
1.2. Research Questions and Hypotheses 15
2. Literature Review 16
2.1. Depression 16
2.1.1. Affective and Cognitive Processing in Depression 17
2.1.2. Depression and Empathy 18
2.2. Empathy 20
2.2.1. The Definition of Empathy 20
2.2.2. Affective and Cognitive Empathy 21
2.2.3. Roles and Neural Bases 23
3. Methodology 26
3.1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 26
3.2. Mu Suppression 27
3.3. Time Frequency Analysis 28
4. Experiment 30
4.1. Participants 30
4.2. General Procedures 30
① Recruitment 31
② Agreement Form and CES-D 31
③ Preparation for EEGa 32
④ Explanation of EEG Experiment 32
⑤ Practice Session 32
⑥ EEG Experiment 33
⑦ Wrap-Up 33
4.3. Assessment Tools 34
4.3.1. Picture Stimuli 34
4.3.2. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) - Korean Version 35
4.4. EEG Data Acquisition 36
4.5. EEG Data Preprocessing and Time Frequency Analysis 36
4.6. Statistical Analysis 37
5. Results 38
5.1. Behavioral Results 38
5.2. EEG Results 39
6. Discussion 42
6.1. Summary and Interpretation of the Results 42
6.2. Theoretical Contributions and Practical Implications 44
6.3. Limitations and Future Directions 45
7. Overall Conclusion 46
References 48
Appendices 60
Appendix A. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) 60
Appendix B. Consent Form 62
초록 70
Table 1. General Procedure of Experiment 31
Table 2. Independent two sample t-test and descriptive statistics (mean values and standard deviations) of CES-D results for both groups 38
Table 3. Independent two sample t-test and descriptive statistics (mean values and standard deviations) of homogeneity test between the two groups 39
Table 4. Pairwise comparison between the two conditions of each group 40
Figure 1. A simulation of mu suppression in the 8~13Hz frequency band. The participant is showing an identical neural reactivity in terms of mu... 27
Figure 2. A simulation of a time-frequency image. The frequency of all 64 channel recordings of all subjects. The black rectangle represents the... 29
Figure 3. The paradigm of EEG experiment. Participants were told to either empathize or not empathize with the target within the picture. After... 33
Figure 4. Four photos taken and used by Jackson & Decety (2005) that were used in the present study. Photos on the left - photos categorized as painful... 35
Figure 5. Mu suppression indices for the healthy group (left) and the depressed group (right). The graph shows the time and frequency range... 39
Figure 6. The pairwise comparison of the two groups presented as a graph. The healthy group (blue line) showed a significant difference... 41