Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 11
1.1. Background 11
1.2. Purpose of the Research 20
1.3. Significance of Study 22
1.4. Research Questions 23
a. Main Question 23
b. Sub-Questions 23
1.5. Research Objectives 23
1.6. A discussion of Theory and Precedent of Study Review 24
1.7. Research Methodology 28
1.7.1. Research Design 29
1.7.2. Data Collection 31
1.7.3. Data Analysis 33
1.8. Organization of the Study 34
Chapter 2. The Climate Change Issue and The Need for Collective Action 37
2.1. Introduction 37
2.2. The Nature of Climate Change 37
2.3. Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Vulnerability 41
2.4. Need for Collective Action Against Climate Change 44
2.4.1. The Kyoto Protocol 44
2.4.2. The Paris Agreement 45
2.4.3. Differences Between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement 46
2.5. Conclusion 47
Chapter 3. Evolution of International Climate Regime (ICR) in the Light of International Regime Theory 49
3.1. Introduction 49
3.2. A discussion on The International Regime Theory (IRT) 50
3.2.1. Approaches to the IRT 51
3.3. The International Climate Regime (ICR): In the Light of the International Regime Theory 53
3.3.1. The Evolution of The ICR 54
3.3.2. Establishment of the UNFCCC (The Earth Summit 1992) 58
3.3.3. The Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol 60
3.3.4. The Bali Action Plan 61
3.3.5. The Copenhagen Accord: Search for the Successor of the Kyoto Protocol 61
3.3.6. The Durban Platform for Enhanced Action 62
3.3.7. The Doha Amendment: Extention of The Kyoto Protocol 63
3.3.8. The Warsaw Conference: A Turning Point 63
3.3.9. Adoption of a New Climate Treaty: The Paris Climate Change Agreement 64
3.4. Conclusion 64
Chapter 4. History and Discussions Around the Adoption of the Country-Specific Binding Emissions Target (CBET) System By The ICR 66
4.1. Introduction 66
4.2. Early Voices: Before the UNFCCC 66
4.3. Binding Emission Targets and Climate Politics 67
4.3.1. The principle of "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities" 68
4.3.2. Politics around the Kyoto Protocol and Legally Binding Commitments 71
4.3.3. The Issue of Legally Binding Commitments: Beyond the Kyoto Protocol 74
4.3.4. The Copenhagen Accord: Mandatory Approach Versus Voluntary Approach 75
4.3.5. Killing the Kyoto: Refusal of Canada and Australia to Accept Targets in Phase II 76
4.4. Conclusion 76
Chapter 5. Exclusion of the CBET System from the Internationa Climate Regime: Role of Economic and Political Interests 79
5.1. Introduction 79
5.2. "Climate Action" and "Economy and International Politics" 79
5.3. Economic and Political Interests of the Different Parties and the Exclusion of the CBET System 80
5.3.1. The US 81
5.3.2. Australia 84
5.3.3. Russia 85
5.3.4. Developing Countries 86
5.3.5. Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 92
5.3.6. Canada 93
5.3.7. The European Union (EU) 93
5.4. Analysis of Different Approaches 94
5.4.1. The Kyoto Protocol Styled Mandatory Approach 96
5.4.2. The Mandatory Collective Action Approach 97
5.4.3. The Voluntary Collective Action Approach 98
5.5. Conclusion 99
Chapter 6. Findings and Conclusions 100
6.1. Introduction 100
6.2. Key Findings 101
6.3. Interpretations of the Key Findings 103
6.4. Theoretical Implications 104
6.5. Practical Implications 105
6.6. Final Conclusion 106
6.7. Limitations and Further Research 107
Bibliography 109
국문초록 117
Chapter 1 9
Table 1.1. Comparison of Annual CO2 Emissions from 1950-1990 in Mil Tons 15
Table 1.2. The US and Chinese CO² Emissions from Fossil Fuels 15
Table 1.3. Emission Targets for Annexure B Parties for the First Commitment Period 18
Table 1.4. Search Strategy 32
Chapter 5 9
Table 5.1. Comparison of Approaches 98
Figure 1. Research Methodology Explained 28
Figure 2. Research Procedure 28
Figure 3. General Inductive Approach Explained 30
Figure 4. Sources of Data 33
Chapter 2 9
Figure 2.1. Economic Sector-wise GHG emissions Globally, 2019 38
Figure 2.2. GHG-wise Emissions 2019 38
Figure 2.3. Global Energy Consumption, 2021 40
Figure 2.4. Amount of CO₂ in the Atmosphere from 1960 to 2021 40
Figure 2.5. Annual Average Temperature Change Over Land and Ocean 41
Chapter 4 9
Figure 4.1. Socioeconomic Disparity Among Countries 68
Chapter 5 10
Figure 5.1. Link Between "Climate Action" and "Economy and International Politics" 80