Title Page

Abstract

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction 11

1.1. Study Background 11

1.2. Overview of the Judicial System in Mongolia 14

1.3. Statements of the Problem and Purpose of Research 17

1.4. The Significance of Research 23

1.5. The Outline of Study 23

Chapter 2. Literature Review 25

2.1. The Determinants of Judicial Efficiency and Its Measurements 25

2.2. Theoretical Framework 28

2.3. The Relationship between Court Output and the Number of Judges 29

2.4. The Relationship between Court Output and the Caseload 32

2.5. The Relationship between Court Output and the Quality of Court Decision 34

2.6. Micro Judicial-Behavior Level 35

2.7. Hypotheses Formulation 36

Chapter 3. Research Method 41

3.1. Research Framework 41

3.2. Variables 42

3.3. Measurements for Independent Variables 43

3.3.1. Measurement for Demand for Court Service 44

3.3.2. Measurement for Court Size 44

3.4. Measurements for Dependent Variables 44

3.4.1. Measurement for Quality of Court Decision 45

3.4.2. Measurement for Court Productivity 45

3.4.3. Measurement for Court Output 46

3.5. Data Gathering 49

3.6. Data Analysis 52

Chapter 4. Data Analysis and Results 54

4.1. Descriptive Statistics 54

4.1.1. Descriptive Statistics for Dependent Variables 57

4.1.2. Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables 59

4.1.3. Changes over time in Independent and Dependent variables 63

4.2. The Hausman Test 69

4.3. Hypotheses test 70

4.4. Discussion 76

Chapter 5. Conclusion and Policy Recommendation 80

5.1. Conclusion 80

5.2. Policy Recommendation 82

5.3. Limitation of Study and Recommendation for Future Studies 83

Bibliography 85

Appendix 96

국문초록 97

Table 1. Court system in Mongolia. 15

Table 2. Judicial budget, case resolutions, and the proportion of existing judges in Mongolia. 16

Table 3. The operationalization and measurement for each variable. 48

Table 4. Observations for phase 1 and phase 2. 50

Table 5A. Summary Statistics for Local Courts. 54

Table 5B. Summary Statistics for District Courts. 55

Table 6A. Changes over time in Variables for Local Courts. 60

Table 6B. Changes over time in Variables for District Courts. 61

Table 7. The results of the Hausman test 70

Table 8. Regression results - Fixed effects (1) 72

Table 9. Regression results - Random effect (2) 73

Table 10. Regression results - Random effect (3) 74

Table 11. Summary of Hypotheses Test 75

Figure 1. Approved courts' budget per category of expenses in the European States in 2018. 19

Figure 2. The number of judges per 100 000 population in the European States, 2010-2018. 21

Figure 3. Research Framework. 41

Figure 4. Systems approach 42

Figure 5. The average number of filed cases, resolved cases, and serving judges in Mongolia, 2015-2020. 66

Figure 6. The average number of caseloads per judge and reversal ratio in Mongolia, 2016-2020. 67

Figure 7. Scatter Plots of independent vs. dependent variables. 69