Title Page

Contents

1.0. CHAPTER 1 4

1.1. Introduction and background 4

1.2. Introduction 4

1.3. Background and history of Indigenization Economic Empowerment in Zimbabwe 5

1.4. Justification and validation of the Zimbabwe Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy 8

1.5. Objectives of Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy in Zimbabwe 9

1.6. Challenges and problems that are associated to the of IEEP programmes 10

1.7. The problem statement 11

1.8. The research objectives and intentions 12

1.8.1. Objectives of the study 12

1.9. The research questions 13

1.10. The research methodology 13

1.10.1. Qualitative research 13

1.10.2. The advantages of qualitative research 13

1.10.3. The shortcomings of qualitative research 14

1.10.4. Thematic analysis to the research 15

1.11. Definition of key terms 15

1.12. The dissertation structure 16

1.13. Chapter conclusion 17

2.0. CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 18

2.1. Comparative examination of Indigenization Economic Empowerment Agenda/policies and schemes 18

2.1.1. Introduction 18

2.1.2. The nationalization of mines by Zambia 19

2.1.3. Nationalization project challenges to Zambia 21

2.1.4. Copper mines privatization in Zambia 23

2.2. Black economic empowerment in South Africa 25

2.2.1. The setbacks of BEE in South Africa 29

2.2.2. Supplementary solutions to BEE of South Africa 32

2.3. Nationalization petroleum sector in Norway 32

2.4. Studies on Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy in Zimbabwe 35

2.5. The study significance 39

2.6. Conclusion of the chapter 39

3.0. CHAPTER 3 41

3.1. The Theoretical and Analytical frameworks 41

3.1.1. Introduction 41

3.2. Mesquita's Selectorate Theory 41

3.2.1. Private benefits and small coalitions 43

3.2.2. Selectorate Theory Support 46

3.2.3. The cognizance of national drawbacks (race- unity and struggle) 48

3.2.4. The Selectorate Theory criticism 50

3.3. Analysis/Investigative Framework 52

3.4. Summative Evaluations to projects 53

3.4.1. The Formative Evaluation 54

3.4.2. Formative Evaluation advantages 56

3.4.3. Formative Evaluation limitations 56

3.5. The conceptualization of implementation 57

3.6. Successful policy implementation 57

3.7. Chapter Conclusion 59

4.0. CHAPTER 4 60

4.1. The legislative framework for Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy (IEEP) In Zimbabwe 60

4.1.1. Introduction 60

4.1.2. Indigenization economic empowerment background in Zimbabwe 61

4.1.3. The land redistribution programme 63

4.1.4. Numerous National Constitution amendments 63

4.1.5. Impediments of land acquisition act of 1992 65

4.1.6. The Fast-Track Land Reform Programme itself, - FTLRP 66

4.2. The existing legal framework for Indigenization in Zimbabwe 68

4.3. Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Act/Policy provisions (2008) 69

4.3.1. The founding of community share-ownership trusts 69

4.3.2. The Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy actors and its implementation 70

4.4. The ambiguity and loopholes of the IEEP policy as whole 71

4.5. Chapter conclusion 73

5.0. CHAPTER 5 75

5.1. The implementation of Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy in Zimbabwe. 75

5.1 1. Introduction 75

5.1.2. Triumphs of Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy - IEEP 75

5.1.3. The building up community ownership trusts/schemes 76

5.2. Challenges affecting Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy effective implementation in Zimbabwe. 77

5.2.1. Non-existence of foreign direct investments- (FDI) 77

5.2.2. The Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy inconsistency 79

5.2.3. Underperformance of the Zimbabwe economy 80

5.2.4. Shutting down of companies in Zimbabwe. 81

5.3. Contribution of local communities to the policy events. 82

5.4. Information and communication non-existence/breakdown 83

5.5. Unavailability of critical economic inputs 84

5.6. Relationship between people and land - (land tenure) 85

5.7. Ability of institutions to sustain the Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy. 85

5.8. Anomalies associated to the land distribution 87

5.9. Reallocated unused/underutilized land 87

5.10. Interference of politics on IEEP implementation process in Zimbabwe 88

5.11. Unintended consequences to the Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy in Zimbabwe 91

5.11.1. Decrease in economic production 91

5.11.2. Environment: Land Degradation 92

5.11.3. Farm workforce crisis after being chased out of the farmland areas 93

5.11.4. Decline of national revenue tax base 93

5.11.5. Destruction of homes and interconnectedness risks 94

5.12. Chapter conclusion 95

6.0. CHAPTER 6 97

6.1. Feasible determinations to challenges of Indigenization Economic Empowerment Policy in Zimbabwe 97

6.1.1. Introduction 97

6.2. Effective contribution and participation 97

6.3. Leadership alignment of national policies to partisan politics 98

6.4. Communication ethics and information access 98

6.5. Innovation and overhauling of the agricultural sector in Zimbabwe 99

6.5.1. Property tenancy 99

6.5.2. Support of new farm entrants to agriculture and farming 100

6.5.3. The Community-Based Ownership trusts and schemes 101

6.5.4. The factor of licensing and permits 102

6.5.5. Obtainability of foreign direct investors and other potential investors 102

6.5.6. Rewards for reviving the Zimbabwe economy 104

6.5.7. Compulsory reforestation for sustainable development 104

6.5.8. Tightening laws against dodging and circumvention of tax to government 105

6.5.9. Fighting/combating against corruption in the economy 106

6.6. Chapter conclusion 107

7.0. CHAPTER 7 109

7.1. The recommendations, summary and conclusion 109

7.1.1. Introduction 109

7.1.2. Observing and abiding to rule of law 109

7.1.3. Solidification of institutional capability 110

7.1.4. Value addition on projects affiliated to empowerment- use of 'Expanding Pie Theory' 110

7.1.5. Dedication to funding of Research and Development- (R&D) 111

7.1.6. Independence of oversight institutions while strengthening evaluation & monitoring systems to curb corruption 112

7.1.8. The community trusts and schemes 112

7.1.9. Creation of national reserve wealth funds 113

7.1.10. Protection and preservation planning for environment 114

7.1.11. Continuous implementation of the IEEP over three to four decades 115

7.2. Research summary 116

7.3. Research conclusion 117

8. REFERENCES 118

Abstract in Korean language 132