Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13

1.1. STUDY BACKGROUND 13

1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE COUNTRIES 21

a) Korea 21

b) Peru 25

1.3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 28

a) Electronic Government Survey 28

b) Digital Government Index (DGI) 30

c) Key factors of Korean Electronic Government Success 31

d) United Kingdom Digital Identity and attributes trust framework 32

e) The Digital Identity Management and its impact on the digital economy 35

1.4. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH 40

a) Purpose of Research 40

b) Research questions 42

c) Research objectives 43

CHAPTER 2. KEY CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORK 44

2.1. Identity 44

2.2. Digital Government 48

2.3. Digital Identity 54

2.4. Attributes 57

2.5. Identity Management 57

2.6. Cyberspace 64

2.7. Cybersecurity 65

2.8. Cryptography 66

2.9. Access control 68

2.10. Digital divide and digital inclusion 69

2.11. Transport Layer Security (TLS) 69

2.12. OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect 70

2.13. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 71

2.14. Digital Signature 72

2.15. Framework to comparison 73

CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 78

1.1. Digital identity management, enabling innovation and trust in the internet economy 78

1.2. Digital Identity from a legal concept to a new reality 81

1.3. Identity in a Digital World a new chapter in the social contract 82

1.4. Digital Identity Roadmap guide 84

1.5. Limitations of study 86

CHAPTER 4. DIGITAL IDENTITY IN KOREA AND PERU 87

4.1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 87

4.1.1. Korean digital identity legal framework 88

4.1.2. Peruvian digital identity legal framework 95

4.2. TECHNOLOGY 101

4.2.1. Digital Identity Technology in Korea 102

4.2.2. Digital Identity Technologies in Peru 114

4.3. GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP 117

a) Political leadership in Korea 118

b) Political leadership in Peru 120

4.4. BUDGET 121

a) Korea 121

b) Peru 122

4.5. MARKET 123

a) Korea 123

b) Peru 123

4.6. FINDINGS 123

a) Legal framework 124

b) Technology 128

c) Governance 131

d) Budget and Market 132

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS 133

5.1. SUMMARY OF THE THESIS 133

5.2. POLICY COMPARISON 144

5.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 146

5.4. LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 151

REFERENCES 153

APPENDICES 159

APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE 159

APPENDIX 2. MATRIZ OF COMPARISON 168

국문초록 171

Table 1. Some key Digital Government Initiatives over the time 14

Table 2. National Identity Scheme Portals 17

Table 3. Korean export's structure 25

Table 4. Peruvian export's structure, 2020 27

Table 5. Evolution of EGDI among Peru and Korea 28

Table 6. Dimensions of Electronic Government Development Index (EGDI) 29

Table 7. Aspects evaluated by Digital Government Index (DGI) 30

Table 8. Key factors of Korean Electronic Government Succeed 32

Table 9. Elements evaluated on the comparison between Estonia and Spain 38

Table 10. Recommendation on digital government strategies 50

Table 11. OECD Digital Government Policy Framework 51

Table 12. Five (05) levels of digital government maturity 53

Table 13. Digital Identity Management Processes 59

Table 14. Factor of authentication 62

Table 15. Governance Evaluation Criteria 74

Table 16. Evaluation Criteria 77

Table 17. Digital Identity Management Evaluation Criteria 79

Table 18. Elements of a good digital identity scheme 82

Table 19. Components of a good digital identity scheme 84

Table 20. Actors of Digital Transformation process in public sector of Korea 120

Figure 1. Overview of Digital Identity evolution in Korea 18

Figure 2. Overview of Digital Identity evolution in Peru 19

Figure 3. Total population and average annual population growth 21

Figure 4. Population in the Seoul Capital Area 22

Figure 5. Total population of Peru 25

Figure 6. Population density in South America, 2017 26

Figure 7. Trust Framework 33

Figure 8. Attribute Service Provider 34

Figure 9. Coordination among ASP, ISP, OSP and RP 35

Figure 10. Main processes of a Digital Identity Scheme 36

Figure 11. Roles of the Digital Identity Scheme 38

Figure 12. Purpose of research 42

Figure 13. Identity concepts 48

Figure 14. Evolution of Electronic Government to Digital Government 49

Figure 15. Attributes of an individual's digital identity 55

Figure 16. Identity lifecycle 58

Figure 17. Identification of every calf born 58

Figure 18. Identification and Authentication 60

Figure 19. Authentication 61

Figure 20. Cross-border Authentication Scheme (eIDAS) 61

Figure 21. Digital Authentication Scheme (eIDAS) 63

Figure 22. Basic elements of Digital Identity Scheme 63

Figure 23. The principles of Cybersecurity 66

Figure 24. Symmetric-key cryptography 67

Figure 25. Hash 67

Figure 26. Asymmetric-key cryptography 68

Figure 27. Access control 68

Figure 28. Open authorization workflow 70

Figure 29. OpenID workflow 71

Figure 30. Digital signature 73

Figure 31. MOIS and MSIT 89

Figure 32. Resident Registration Number (RRN) 90

Figure 33. Resident Registration System 90

Figure 34. Digital Government Law 97

Figure 35. National Electronic Identity Card benefits 98

Figure 36. Information Sharing System 104

Figure 37. Government 24 104

Figure 38. Government 24 106

Figure 39. Digital Services available in Digital OnePass 106

Figure 40. Digital OnePass 107

Figure 41. NIRS Daejeon 108

Figure 42. Electronic Government Standard Framework 110

Figure 43. Electronic Government Standard Framework 112

Figure 44. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Korea 121

Figure 45. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Peru 122

Figure 46. Results of Digital Identity Comparison 144