Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Motivation and Goal 12
1.2. Thesis Organization 12
CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA AND ANTENNA PARAMETERS 14
2.1. The Microstrip patch Antenna 14
2.2. Advantages and Disadvantages 17
2.3. Feeding Techniques 18
2.3.1. Microstrip Line 18
2.3.2. Coaxial Probe 19
2.3.3. Proximity Coupling 19
2.3.4. Aperture Coupled Feed 20
2.4. Antenna Parameters 21
2.4.1. Radiation Pattern 21
2.4.2. Beamwidth 22
2.4.3. Radiation Intensity 23
2.4.4. Directivity 23
2.4.5. Antenna Efficiency 24
2.4.6. Antenna Gain 24
2.4.7. Absolute Gain 25
2.4.8. Antenna Bandwidth 25
2.4.9. Polarization 25
2.4.10. Reflection Coefficient (Γ) and Characteristic Impedance (Z0) 26
2.4.11. Return Loss (RL) 26
2.4.12. Voltage Standing Wave Ration (VSWR) 26
2.4.13. Input Impedance 27
CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW FOR BEAM TILTING ARRAY ANTENNA 28
3.1. Introduction 28
3.2. Linear Antenna Array 28
3.3. Linear Phased Antenna Array Steering 29
3.4. Fixed Frequency beam Scanning Array Antenna 30
3.5. N-Bit Fixed Frequency Beam Steering Antenna Array 30
3.6. Series-Fed Beam-Steerable Millimeter-Wave Antenna Design with Wide Spatial Coverage for 5G Mobile Terminals 31
3.6.1. Array factor calculation and HFSS simulation 33
CHAPTER 4. A 10 GHZ SERIES FED BEAM STEERABLE ARRAY ANTENNA DESIGN WITH 1-BIT SWITCH 37
4.1. Introduction 37
4.2. Design of Single Antenna Element 38
4.2.1. Single Antenna Design 38
4.2.2. Single Antenna Performance 40
4.3. Design and Working Principle of 1-Bit Switch 41
4.4. Concept of 1-Bit Array 42
4.4.1. General 1-Bit Array Scheme 42
4.4.2. Calculation of the Beam Steering 43
4.4.3. Array Factor Calculation 44
4.5. Simulation 45
4.5.1. Beam Steering 45
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORKS 49
5.1. Conclusions 49
5.2. Scopes for Future Work 49
References 50
TABLE 3.1. Modified dimensions of the single element antenna 32
TABLE 4.1. Optimum parameters 39
TABLE 4.2. States of switching Elements 42
TABLE 4.3. Ten element array arrangement for three different beam directions 46
Figure 2.1. (a) Microstrip antenna, (b) Side view and (c) coordinate system 14
Figure 2.2. Inset feed micro-strip antenna 16
Figure 2.3. Microstrip line feed 18
Figure 2.4. Coaxial feed 19
Figure 2.5. Proximity coupling 19
Figure 2.6. Aperture coupling 20
Figure 2.7. Lobes of radiation pattern 21
Figure 2.8. 2D view of radiation pattern lobes 22
Figure 3.1. Schematic view of linear antenna array 28
Figure 3.2. Schematic view of linear phased antenna array beam steering 29
Figure 3.3. Layout of two element beam scanning array antenna 30
Figure 3.4. Layout of four element 1-bit array antenna 31
Figure 3.5. Layout of proposed phased array antenna and 2-bit switch 31
Figure 3.6. Geometry of single antenna element (Top view) and 2-bit switch 32
Figure 3.7. Non-uniform array using 3 stub 33
Figure 3.8. Calculation for beam direction at 0° 33
Figure 3.9. Prototype 1 (a) Array factor calculation (b) HFSS simulation result 34
Figure 3.10. Calculation for beam direction at -38° 34
Figure 3.11. Prototype 2 (a) Array factor calculation (b) HFSS simulation result 35
Figure 3.12. Calculation for beam direction at -68° 35
Figure 3.13. Prototype 3 (a) Array factor calculation (b) HFSS simulation result 36
Figure 3.14. Calculation for beam direction at 68° 36
Figure 3.15. Prototype 4 (a) Array factor calculation (b) HFSS simulation result 36
Figure 4.1. Side view of the proposed single antenna element 38
Figure 4.2. Geometry and parameters of the proposed unit antenna element. (a) Top view and (b) bottomview. 39
Figure 4.3. Simulation outcome of single element's S-parameters with one switch is on. 40
Figure 4.4. Single element radiation pattern on - (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane. 40
Figure 4.5. 1-bit Switch. 41
Figure 4.6. Phase differences of switches. 42
Figure 4.7. The proposed 1-bit array's schematic diagram. 43
Figure 4.8. Calculated array factor for scan angle (a) 0°, (b) 30°, and (c) 53°. 45
Figure 4.9. Simulation of reflection coefficients of prototypes (a) 0°, (b) 30°, and (c) 53°. 47
Figure 4.10. Simulated gain (dBi) of prototype (a) 0°, (b) 30°, and (c) 53°. 48