표제지
목차
제1절 서론 19
1.1. 초미세먼지의 물리·화학적 특성 19
1.2. 연구배경 및 목적 21
제2절 실험 방법 23
2.1. 측정 장소 23
2.2. 측정 정보 25
2.3. 측정 장비 및 방법 29
2.3.1. High resolution Time of flight Aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) 29
2.3.2. Particle-into liquid sampler with Ion chromatography and TOC analyzer (PILS-IC and PILS-TOC) 31
2.3.3. Aethalometer (AE33) 35
2.3.4. PM monitor 36
2.3.5. Gas analysis 38
2.4. QC/QA 39
제3절 결과 44
3.1. 용인지역 계절별 초미세먼지의 화학적 특성 44
3.1.1. 겨울철 용인지역 초미세먼지의 화학적 특성 44
3.1.2. 봄/여름철 용인지역 초미세먼지의 화학적 특성 48
3.1.3. 가을철 용인지역 초미세먼지의 화학적 특성 54
3.1.4. 용인지역 입자상물질의 심층분석 59
3.2. 용인지역 초미세먼지 발생원 분석 69
3.2.1. Conditional Probability Function (CPF) 분석 69
3.2.2. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 분석 74
3.3. 계절별 고농도 사례 분석 85
3.3.1. 겨울철 고농도 사례 분석 87
3.3.2. 봄/여름철 고농도 사례 분석 103
3.3.3. 가을철 고농도 사례 분석 119
제4절 결론 130
참고문헌 133
Abstract 144
Table 1. The location and species of measurement. 27
Table 2. OM/OC used for each measurement. 34
Table 3. Quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) for HR-ToF-AMS 41
Table 4. Quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) for Ion chromatography 42
Table 5. Quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) for TOC analyzer 42
Table 6. Quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) for gas analyzer 43
Table 7. Quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) for HNO₃ 43
Table 8. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors at winter.[이미지참조] 47
Table 9. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors at spring/summer.[이미지참조] 52
Table 10. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors at fall.[이미지참조] 57
Table 11. The tracer ions used for OA classification. Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), cooking-related organic aerosol (COA), biomass-burning organic aerosol... 77
Table 12. Pearson correlation coefficient for the linear regression between the four factors of the OA and tracer ions 82
Table 13. Information about period of PM2.5 high concentration case by season.[이미지참조] 86
Table 14. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter.[이미지참조] 90
Table 15. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter.[이미지참조] 95
Table 16. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter.[이미지참조] 100
Table 17. The concentration of chemical species in PM₁ and gas-precursors in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer.[이미지참조] 106
Table 18. The concentration of chemical species in PM₁ and gas-precursors in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer.[이미지참조] 111
Table 19. The concentration of chemical species in PM₁ and gas-precursors in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer.[이미지참조] 116
Table 20. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall.[이미지참조] 121
Table 21. The concentration of chemical species in PM2.5 and gas-precursors in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall.[이미지참조] 127
Fig. 1. The site of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (37.34 ゚ N, 127.27 ゚ E) 24
Fig. 2. Sampling system of particle phase and gas-phase material 28
Fig. 3. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases at winter[이미지참조] 46
Fig. 4. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM₁ and precursor gases at spring/summer (PM₁ = NR-PM₁ + BC) 51
Fig. 5. Annual trend of ozone in Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Gwangju, Daegu, Busan, Ulsan 53
Fig. 6. Diurnal pattern of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid at spring/summer 53
Fig. 7. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases at fall[이미지참조] 56
Fig. 8. Diurnal pattern of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid at fall 58
Fig. 9. Difference of the chemical composition ratio according to PM2.5 concentration. (a) winter, (b) spring/summer and (c) fall[이미지참조] 61
Fig. 10. The comparison of molar ratio of NO3-, SO42- and NH4+ in (a) winter, (b) spring/summer, and (c) fall[이미지참조] 64
Fig. 11. Comparison of the concentrations of HNO₃ and NH₃ with the NH₄NO₃ equilibrium dissociation constant (Kp) as a function of temperature in (a)...[이미지참조] 68
Fig. 12. The molar ratio (R) and concentrations of SNA (SO42-+NO3-+NH4+) in (a)spring/summer and (b) fall[이미지참조] 68
Fig. 13. Results of conditional probability function (CPF) analysis of PM2.5, WSOM, NO3-, SO42-, SO₂, NO₂, NH4+, NH₃ and BC in winter[이미지참조] 71
Fig. 14. Results of conditional probability function (CPF) analysis of PM2.5, Organics, NO3-, SO42-, SO₂, NO₂, NH4+, NH₃ and BC in spring/summer[이미지참조] 72
Fig. 15. Results of conditional probability function (CPF) analysis of PM2.5, WSOM, NO3-, SO42-, SO₂, NO₂, NH4+, NH₃ and BC in fall[이미지참조] 73
Fig. 16. Summary of PMF diagnostic plots. (a) The Q/Qexp as a function of the number of factors, (b) the Q/Qexp as a function of fpeak for the 4-factor solution, (c)... 75
Fig. 17. High-resolution mass spectra of all organic sources from the PMF results. (a) Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), (b) cooking and combustion related... 76
Fig. 18. (a) The timeline of mass fractional contribution of organic aerosol (OA), (b) the timeline of OA composed of four factors from the PMF results 81
Fig. 19. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours at high concentration of CCOA or MO-OOA. (a) 6/10 06:00, (b) 5/28 00:00 83
Fig. 20. Diurnal pattern of HOA, CCOA, MO-OOA1 and MO-OOA2 83
Fig. 21. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter. (a) before case, (b) during case,...[이미지참조] 89
Fig. 22. The percentage of chemical species of PM2.5 in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter[이미지참조] 91
Fig. 23. The percentage of chemical species of PM2.5 during case period. (a) 1/11 ~ 1/13 14:00, (b) 1/13 14:00 ~ 1/15 14:00, and (c) 1/15 14:00 ~ 1/16[이미지참조] 91
Fig. 24. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter. (a) 1/10 00:00, (b) 1/12 11:00, (c) 1/14...[이미지참조] 92
Fig. 25. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter. (a) before case, (b) during...[이미지참조] 94
Fig. 26. The percentage of chemical species of PM2.5 in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter[이미지참조] 96
Fig. 27. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter. (a) 1/19 00:00, (b) 1/21 12:00, and...[이미지참조] 97
Fig. 28. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter. (a) before case, (b) during case,...[이미지참조] 99
Fig. 29. The percentage of chemical species of PM2.5 in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter[이미지참조] 101
Fig. 30. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at winter. (a) 1/29 00:00, (b) 1/30 15:00, and...[이미지참조] 102
Fig. 31. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM₁ and precursor gases in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer. (a) before case, (b) during...[이미지참조] 105
Fig. 32. The percentage of chemical species of PM₁ in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer[이미지참조] 107
Fig. 33. The percentage of chemical species of organic sources from the PMF results in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer[이미지참조] 107
Fig. 34. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer. (a) 5/27 00:00, (b) 5/28 00:00,...[이미지참조] 108
Fig. 35. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM₁ and precursor gases in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer. (a) before case, (b)...[이미지참조] 110
Fig. 36. The percentage of chemical species of PM₁ in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer[이미지참조] 112
Fig. 37. The percentage of chemical species of organic sources from the PMF results in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer[이미지참조] 112
Fig. 38. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer. (a) 6/5 00:00, (b) 6/6 04:00,...[이미지참조] 113
Fig. 39. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM₁ and precursor gases in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer. (a) before case, (b)...[이미지참조] 115
Fig. 40. The percentage of chemical species of PM₁ in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer[이미지참조] 117
Fig. 41. The percentage of chemical species of organic sources from the PMF results in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer[이미지참조] 117
Fig. 42. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the third case of PM2.5 high concentration at spring/summer. (a) 6/9 00:00, (b) 6/10 12:00,...[이미지참조] 118
Fig. 43. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall. (a) before case, (b) during case, and...[이미지참조] 120
Fig. 44. The percentage of chemical species of PM2.5 in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall[이미지참조] 122
Fig. 45. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the first case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall. (a) 11/13 00:00, (b) 11/14 23:00, and (c)...[이미지참조] 123
Fig. 46. The timeline of chemical species concentration of PM2.5 and precursor gases in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall. (a) before case, (b) during case...[이미지참조] 126
Fig. 47. The percentage of chemical species of PM2.5 in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall[이미지참조] 128
Fig. 48. Backward trajectory analysis at 100m, 500m, and 1000m for 72 hours in the second case of PM2.5 high concentration at fall. (a) 11/19 00:00, (b) 11/20 12:00, and (c)...[이미지참조] 129