Title Page
Contents
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 9
Abstract 10
CHAPTER-ONE. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1. Background of the study 11
1.2. Statement of the Problem 14
1.3. Research Questions 18
1.3.1. General research question 18
1.3.2. Specific research question 18
1.4. Research objective 18
1.4.1. General objective 18
1.4.2. Specific objectives 18
1.5. Scope and Limitation of the study 19
1.5.1. Scope of the study 19
1.5.2. Limitation of the study 20
1.6. Significance of the study 21
1.7. Organization of the paper 22
CHAPTER-TWO. A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 23
2.1. Definition of Key terms and operational concepts 23
2.1.1. Definition of Artisanal and small-scale mining 23
2.2. The concept of livelihood 25
2.3. Artisanal mining and livelihood framework 27
2.4. The Livelihood Asset 29
2.5. Transforming structures and process 37
2.6. Vulnerability of Artisanal mining activities and coping up mechanism 41
2.7. Concept of Land Tenure and Artisanal Mining 44
2.8. The Role of Artisanal mining sector in Ethiopia 45
2.8.1. Mining law and Institutional Framework in Ethiopia 48
2.9. Basic Concepts and Definitions of Cooperatives 49
2.9.1. Principles Cooperatives 50
2.9.2. Classification/ types of cooperatives 51
2.9.3. The Cooperative Sector in Ethiopia 54
2.9.4 The role of Mining cooperatives 55
CHAPTER-THREE. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 56
3.1. Site Selection and Description of the study area 56
3.2. Data type and Sources 56
3.2.1. Primary data 57
3.2.2. Secondary data 58
3.3. Research design 58
3.3.1. Population 58
3.3.2. Unit of analysis 59
3.3.3. Sample Size Determination 59
3.3.4. Sampling procedures 62
3.4. Data collection 62
3.5. Data processing and analysis 63
3.6. Method of Analysis 63
3.6.1. Model specification 63
3.7. Ethical Considerations 66
CHAPTER-FOUR. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 68
4.1. Demographic characteristics of Respondents 68
4.2. Impact of Socio demographic factors on members of ASM cooperative's participation. 74
4.3. Income status of Artisanal miner's cooperatives before and after AM cooperatives 80
4.4. Capital assets and their accessibility to Artisanal miners' cooperatives 82
4.5. Vulnerabilities of ASM and Coping up mechanisms 96
CHAPTER-FIVE. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 102
5.1. Summary and Conclusion 102
5.2. Recommendation 105
Reference 108
Appendix 113
요약 123
Table 3.1. Districts and their respective cooperative members 61
Table 3.2. Variables definitions and hypothesized relationships 66
Table 4.1. Sex, Age and Educational Background of Respondents 69
Table 4.2. Former occupation of Respondents 73
Table 4.3. Age of cooperative member*level of participation in ASM Site conservation 75
Table 4.4. Educational status* level of participation 76
Table 4.5. Family size * level participation in ASM Site conservation 78
Table 4.6. Distance home from the site in hours * Level of participation in ASM Site conservation 79
Table 4.7. Average income status of ASM cooperatives before and after the cooperatives 80
Table 4.8. The role of ASM in Asset creation 82
Table 4.9. Training on mining and central issues of the training 83
Table 4.10. Areas of improvement after the training 84
Table 4.11. saving experience of Artisanal miners cooperatives 88
Table 4.12. Individuals' involvement in social activity and their relation to the society 89
Table 4.13. Accessibility of credits to Artisanal Miners and its adequacy 91
Table 4.14. Individuals'/ Lending institutions Trust in ASM cooperatives and level of trust after ASM cooperative 93
Table 4.15. Government permission for mining operations and benefits of having legal mining documents 94
Table 4.16. Major problems in mining areas 96
Table 4.17. Perception of Mining as a depleting Resource 98
Table 4.18. Coping up mechanism 99
Figure 1. CCAs Sustainable livelihood Approach 29
Figure 4.1. Gender of the household heads and level of participation in ASM Site conservation 74
Figure 4.2. Artisanal gold miners washing the soil after they bring the water from the river 87
Figure 4.3. damped soil after separation of gold from it by artisanal gold miners 88