Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction to the Study 15
1.1. Background of the Study 15
1.1.1. Concept Development of Research Travel 18
1.1.2. Connotation of Research Travel 20
1.1.3. Practical Characteristics of Research Travel 24
1.1.4. Practice in Project-Based Learning 26
1.1.5. Research Travel Practice with Project-Based Learning 30
1.2. Problem Statement 31
1.3. Purpose of the Study 32
1.4. Research Questions 33
1.5. Conceptual Framework 34
1.6. Significance of the Study 37
1.6.1. Significance to Practice 38
1.6.2. Significance to Theory 39
1.7. Summary and Transition 40
Chapter 2. Literature Review 41
2.1. Theoretical Foundation 41
2.1.1. Dewey's Practical Theory 41
2.1.2. Grossman's PBT Core Practice Theory 44
2.2. Literature Review 49
2.2.1. Research Travel Activities 50
2.2.2. PBL Approach 65
2.2.3. Student Engagement 67
2.2.4. Student Disciplinary learning 68
2.2.5. Student Collaborative Learning 71
2.2.6. Student Authentic Learning 72
2.2.7. Student Iterative Learning 75
2.2.8. Student Creative Learning 75
2.3. Hypotheses Development 78
2.4. Summary and Conclusions 81
Chapter 3. Research Method 82
3.1. Research Design and Rationale 82
3.1.1. Development of Main Constructs 82
3.1.2. Quantitative Research Design 85
3.2. Methodology 86
3.2.1. Population 86
3.2.2. Sampling and Sampling Procedures 88
3.2.3. Data Collection and Screening 91
3.2.4. Questionnaire Design 92
3.2.5. Instrumentation and Operationalization of Constructs 96
3.3 Data Analysis Plan 98
3.3.1. Demographics Report 99
3.3.2. Descriptive Statistics 99
3.3.3. Measurement Model Assessment 101
3.3.4. Structural Model Assessment 104
3.3.5. Moderation Analysis 106
3.3.6. Mediating Analysis 108
3.4. Treats to Validity 110
3.5. Ethical Procedures 111
3.6. Summary 112
Chapter 4. Results 113
4.1. Data Collection 113
4.2. Data Analysis 114
4.3. Demographic 114
4.4. Measurement Model Assessment 124
4.4.1. Indicator Reliability 124
4.4.2. Convergent Validity 126
4.4.3. Discriminant Validity 128
4.5. Structural Model Assessment 129
4.5.1. Construct Validity 129
4.5.2. Path Analysis 131
4.6. Moderation analysis 132
4.6.1. Moderation EL Analysis 133
4.6.2. Moderation SG Analysis 135
4.7. Mediating analysis 138
4.8. Hypotheses Results Analysis 140
4.9. Summary 148
Chapter 5. Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations 150
5.1. Interpretation of Findings 150
5.1.1. General Review of the Research 150
5.1.2. Analysis of the Findings 153
5.2. Limitations of the Study 161
5.2.1. Sample Size and Selection 161
5.2.2. Time Cycle Limitation 161
5.2.3. Specific Application Measures Limitation 162
5.2.4. Insufficient Exploration of Influences 162
5.3. Recommendations 163
5.3.1. Recommendation for the Sample Size and Selection 163
5.3.2. Recommendation for the project time 163
5.3.3. Recommendation for Specific Application Measures 164
5.3.4. Recommendation for More Influences Study 164
5.4. Implications 164
5.4.1. Theoretical Implications 165
5.4.2. Practical Implications 166
5.5. Conclusion 167
References 169
Appendices 207
Appendix A. Questionnaire (English Version) 207
Appendix B. Questionnaire (Chinese Version) 215
Table 1. Definition Development of Main Constructs 83
Table 2. Constructs and Indicators Index 93
Table 3. Evaluation Criterion 105
Table 4. Demographic Statistics 115
Table 5. Descriptive Statistics of Indicators 117
Table 6. Group Statistics by Gender 119
Table 7. Group Statistics by Age 120
Table 8. Group Statistics by Educational Level 121
Table 9. Group Statistics by Student Grade 122
Table 10. Reliability Statistic 125
Table 11. Convergent Validity Test 127
Table 12. Discriminant Validity Test 128
Table 13. PBL-SE Model Overall Fitting Index Table 130
Table 14. Path Analysis 131
Table 15. Moderating Effect of Education Level (EL) 134
Table 16. Specific Coefficients (EL) 134
Table 17. Moderating Effect of Student Grade (SG) 136
Table 18. Specific Coefficients (SG) 137
Table 19. Bootstrap Test 139
Table 20. Summary of Hypotheses Results 140
Figure 1. Conceptual framework 36
Figure 2. The Output of Path Analysis 131
Figure 3. Final Model result Figure 148