Title Page
Summary
Contents
List of Abbreviation 15
Chapter I. Introduction 18
1. Research background and scope 18
1.1. Atmospheric emission governance in northeastern Asian countries 18
1.2. Research scope 21
2. The origin of emission efficiency 23
2.1. X-Efficiency 23
2.2. Eco-efficiency 25
2.3. Atmospheric emission efficiency 26
3. Measurements and analysis of emission efficiency 26
3.1. Production frontier 26
3.2. Efficiency measurement 30
3.3. Inputs and outputs 34
3.4. A summary of the framework for efficiency measurement and analysis 36
Chapter II. Atmospheric emission efficiency across Chinese cities under local government-led governance mechanisms 38
Abstract 38
1. Introduction 38
2. Methods and data 41
2.1. Atmospheric emission efficiency 41
2.2. Meta-frontier technology and its decomposition 44
2.3. Data collection 45
3. Empirical results and discussion 46
3.1. Atmospheric emission efficiency 46
3.2. Technology heterogeneities across regions 50
3.3. Benchmark for inefficient cities 53
4. Discussions and concluding remarks 58
Chapter III. Atmospheric emission efficiency and the cost of government-led governance in the transport sector of China 61
Abstract 61
1. Introduction 61
2. Method and data 65
2.1. Data envelopment analysis 65
2.2. Atmospheric environment efficiency 67
2.3. Cost-benefit analysis of command-and-control environmental regulation 68
2.4. Data 70
3. Empirical results and discussion 73
3.1. Time-and spatial-varying atmospheric emission efficiency 73
3.2. Cost-effectiveness of environmental regulation 76
3.3. Policy implications 79
4. Concluding remarks 81
Chapter IV. Atmospheric emission efficiency of government-led and market-oriented governance: a comparison for Korean coal power 83
Abstract 83
1. Introduction 83
2. Theoretical model 87
2.1. No emission regulation 87
2.2. Command-and-control 88
2.3. Emission trading 89
2.4. Integrating emission trading and command-and-control 91
3. Policy background and data 93
3.1. Policy background 93
3.2. Data 94
4. Empirical results 96
4.1. Overall effect of different emission regulation strategies 96
4.2. Distributional effect of different emission regulation strategies 101
5. Discussions and concluding remarks 102
Chapter V. Atmospheric emission efficiency convergence and cooperative governance in Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership countries 106
Abstract 106
1. Introduction 106
2. Methods and data 110
2.1. Convergence analysis 110
2.2. Emission performance index 114
2.3. Data 118
3. Empirical results 119
3.1. Per capita emission convergence 119
3.2. Emission efficiency convergence 122
4. Discussions 126
5. Conclusive remarks and policy implications 128
Chapter VI. Conclusion 130
1. Brief summary of results and policy implications 130
2. Recommendations for future works 131
2.1. On productive technology modeling and efficiency analysis 131
2.2. On atmospheric emission management in northeastern Asian 133
References 135
Appendices 149
Table I-1. Inputs and outputs in the literature of emission efficiency analysis 34
Table II-1. Descriptive statistics of inputs and outputs, 2011-2017. 46
Table II-2. Global environmental efficiencies of the 30 provincial capital cities. 49
Table II-3. Meta-frontier technology gaps of the 30 provincial capital cities. 51
Table II-4. Grouped frontier benchmarks for different cities in 2017. 56
Table III-1. Life-cycle inventories for Atmospheric emission accounting 71
Table III-2. Descriptive statistics of input-output data for data envelopment analysis, 2013-2017 72
Table III-3. Comparison of break-even energy price and oil price (RMB/kg oil-eq), 2013-2017. 78
Table IV-1. Descriptive statistics of data for Korean coal-fired power plants from 2011-2015. 95
Table V-1. Descriptive statistics of the data from 2000-2017. 118
Table V-2. Test on the convergence of per capita emission in the RCEP countries. 121
Table V-3. Test on the convergence of emission performance in the RCEP countries. 125
Table A1. Contributions of CO₂ and PM2.5 efficiency measures to AEE improvement in China's transport sector from 2013-2017.[이미지참조] 149
Table A2. Averaged AEE of individual regions in China from 2013-2017. 149
Table A3. Unrealized gains (in MWh electricity generation) of Korean power plants in 2015 under different emission regulation scenarios. 150
Table A4. Detailed emission performance of the fifteen RCEP countries from 2000-2017. 152
Figure I-1. The evolution of Chinese environmental policies, from 1979-2019 20
Figure I-2. An overview of the thesis structure 23
Figure I-3. An illustration on the production process of a technology. 28
Figure I-4. A graphical illustration of a technological set (the left panel) and an output set (the right panel). 28
Figure I-5. Illustration of a slack in the radial DEA model. 32
Figure I-6. A summary of procedures in efficiency measurement and analysis. 37
Figure II-1. The evolution of atmospheric emission efficiency of the four groups of provincial capitals. 49
Figure II-2. Meta-frontier technology gaps between regions. 51
Figure III-1. Three-step life-cycle data envelopment analysis model 65
Figure III-2. Evolution of AEE in the transport sector in China from 2013-2017. 74
Figure III-3. Economic costs and energy savings effect of the transport sector from emission regulation. 76
Figure IV-1. Total electricity generation of Korean coal-fired power plants under different emission regulation scenarios. 96
Figure IV-2. Electricity generation and CO₂ emissions under different levels (1-100% of 2015 power plant emission level) of emission cap settings with mixed emission trading (ET) and command-and-... 101
Figure IV-3. Changes of each power plant in electricity generation under the emission trading scenario and the mixed emission trading and command-and-control (ET+CAC) scenario. 102
Figure V-1. Evolution of the per capita CO₂ emission of the RCEP countries between 2000 and 2017. 119
Figure V-2. Emission performance of the 15 RCEP countries from 2000-2017. 124