Title Page
Preface
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 15
1.1. RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 15
1.2. RESEARCH PROCESS AND METHOD 18
Chapter 2. Theoretical Studies and Research Review on Building Pressure 21
2.1. THEORETICAL STUDIES ON BUILDING PRESSURE 21
2.2. RESEARCH REVIEW ON PRESSURE DIFFERENCE 30
2.3. PROBLEM RELATED TO PRESSURE DIFFERENCE 35
2.4. CONCLUSION 40
Chapter 3. Derivation of Factor for Building Pressure 42
3.1. HVAC SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS 42
3.1.1. Classification of HVAC systems 43
3.1.2. Air-handling systems (all-air systems) 46
3.1.3. Central systems and decentralized systems 50
3.2. HVAC SYSTEM OF HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDING 52
3.3. DERIVATION OF FACTORS FOR BUILDING PRESSURE 54
Chapter 4. Measurement of Building Pressure and HVAC System Impact in Real Building 60
4.1. SUMMARY OF BUILDING 60
4.2. MEASUREMENT METHOD 65
4.3. MEASUREMENT RESULT OF BUILDING PRESSURE 69
4.4. HVAC SYSTEM IMPACT IN REAL BUILDING 72
4.5. CONCLUSION 75
Chapter 5. Evaluation of HVAC System Impact on Building Pressure 76
5.1. SIMULATION AND MODELING 76
5.1.1. Air flow analysis program 77
5.1.2. Modeling 78
5.1.3. Calibration of simulation data 79
5.2. CASE STUDY OF HVAC SYSTEM IMPACT 82
5.2.1. Airtightness of Envelope 83
5.2.2. HVAC system zoning 89
5.3. CONCLUSION 91
Chapter 6. Conclusions 92
Bibliography 94
Table 3.1. HVAC system of high-rise office building 53
Table 3.2. Classification of Factors for Building Pressure Control 59
Table 4.1. Test building Summary 61
Table 4.2. Pressure distribution measuring equipment 66
Table 4.3. HVAC system operating case 67
Table 4.4. Classification of Factors for Building Pressurization 68
Table 5.1. Air leakage data used in calibration of office Building 81
Table 5.2. Selection of evaluation cases 82
Table 5.3. pressure difference comparison according to envelope airtightness 83
Figure 1.1. Research process and methods 20
Figure 2.1. Airflow movement and stack pressure difference in high-rise buildings 23
Figure 2.2. Airflow movement caused by stack and wind difference in high-rise buildings 25
Figure 2.3. Pressure differences caused by stack pressure and pressurization operation 26
Figure 2.4. Cumulative Effect of Driving Forces of Air Movement on a building 28
Figure 2.5. Percentage of Driving Force Pressure 29
Figure 3.1. Simple all-air air-handling unit with associated airflows 43
Figure 3.2. Constant-Volume System with Reheat 47
Figure 3.3. Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices 48
Figure 3.4. The pressure distribution while pressurizing the high-rise zones 49
Figure 3.5. Corridor pressurization for a high-rose residential building 49
Figure 3.6. Elevator shaft zoning types: (a) Single zone type; (b) Two zone type; (c) Multiple zone type 55
Figure 3.7. Diagram of an open floor plan office building 56
Figure 3.8. Classification of HVAC system zoning: (a) whole building; (b) lobby; (c) High-rise; (d) Low-rise; (e) zoning according to the plan of the elevator shaft 58
Figure 4.1. Photograph of the target building 61
Figure 4.2. Elevator shaft zoning plan 62
Figure 4.3. Lobby floor(1F) elevator shaft plan 63
Figure 4.4. Schematic diagram of vertical HVAC system zoning 64
Figure 4.5. Lobby floor (1F) absolute pressure measurement location 65
Figure 4.6. Pressure distribution profile in the base case 69
Figure 4.7. Pressure distribution in the lobby floor in the base case 70
Figure 4.8. Pressure distribution in the 66 floor in the base case 71
Figure 4.9. Pressure difference in lobby floor(1F) 72
Figure 4.10. The varation of the TDC value on the 1st floor 73
Figure 4.11. Pressure profile under all-floor pressurization 74
Figure 5.1. Evaluation building Modelling 78
Figure 5.2. Comparison of measured data and simulated data of Building at elevator 80
Figure 5.3. Pressure difference in partition according to HVAC system operation 85
Figure 5.4. Comparison of pressure difference according to envelope airtightness 87
Figure 5.5. Comparison of pressure difference according to HVAC system zoning 90