Title Page

PhD Evaluation Committee

Abstract

Contents

General Introduction 19

CHAPTER 1. Rapid phenotypic changes in translocated populations of the endangered lenok (Manchurian trout) over 21-30 years 24

ABSTRACT 26

INTRODUCTION 27

MATERIALS AND METHODS 31

RESULTS 36

DISCUSSION 41

CHAPTER 2. Mitogenomic and morphological divergence among the Northeast Asian lenoks (genus Brachymystax) in the light of snout shape evolution 49

ABSTRACT 51

INTRODUCTION 53

MATERIAL AND METHODS 57

RESULTS 64

DISCUSSION 73

CHAPTER 3. Low genetic diversity, local-scale structure, and distinct genetic integrity of Korean chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) population at a species range margin advocate a need for conservation efforts with a high priority 79

ABSTRACT 81

INTRODUCTION 82

MATERIALS AND METHODS 86

RESULTS 95

DISCUSSION 106

General Conclusions 114

References 117

Appendices 143

초록 155

Table 2.1. Information of sampling localities, river basins, latitude/longitude, and number of samples (N) analysed in this study. 58

Table 2.2. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distances among genus Brachymystax including four individuals (in this study) and five retrieved from GenBank database with outgroup (Hucho hucho) using complete mtDNA genome. Sharp- and blunt-snouted... 66

Table 2.3. Estimates of morphological differentiation based on Procrustes distance of body (above diagonal) and snout (below diagonal) shape of the lenok from six South... 71

Table 3.1. Information of samples of Oncorhynchus keta from 16 populations (including ten wild and six hatchery populations) from Korea. NT : total number of samples analyzed, N EFJ : number of samples analyzed for juvenile salmons caught between...[이미지참조] 88

Table 3.2. Diversity indices of Oncorhynchus keta using mtDNA control region (CR) and ten microsatellite loci. NMT: number of samples analyzed for mtDNA CR, NH: number of haplotypes, HR: haplotype richness, H: haplotype diversity, π: nucleotide...[이미지참조] 89

Table 3.3. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for the 16 populations including ten wild and six hatcheries of Oncorhynchus keta based on mtDNA CR and ten microsatellite loci. 100

Table 3.4. Measures of genetic diversity and divergence for each of the North Pacific regional population of Oncorhynchus keta based on mtDNA CR sequences after rarefaction to a common sample size of Korean population (N＝395 [N＝349 in this study... 103

Figure 1.1. Sampling localities of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis from South Korea. Circles denote the sampling sites: Bangtae (N＝30) and Hongcheon (N＝45)... 32

Figure 1.2. Morphological individual differentiation for body and snout snape from six populations of the Manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis). (a)... 38

Figure 1.3. Comparisons for body shape between donor (Hongcheon, Taebaek) and recipient (Chiaksan National Park and Bonghwa) populations. Cross-validation... 39

Figure 1.4. Comparisons for trophic niche between donor (Hongcheon, Taebaek) and recipient (Chiaksan National Park and Bonghwa) populations. Trophic niche breadth... 40

Figure 2.1. Sampling localities and photographs of the lenoks from South Korea (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) (A-B) and Mongolia (Brachymystax lenok) (C-D). Circles filled in black denote the sampling sites. South Korean populations... 59

Figure 2.2. Phylogenetic tree of genus Brachymystax constructed by ML method based on the concatenated sequences of 12 PCGs, two rRNAs and control region.... 67

Figure 2.3. Morphological differentiation of the lenoks between South Korean and Mongolian populations for body (a) and snout (b) shape by principal component analysis (PCA). Phylogeographic sharp lineage based on mtDNA CR was divided... 68

Figure 2.4. Cross-validation discriminant function analysis (DFA) of body (a) and snout (b) shape between Korean (light grey) and Mongolian (dark grey) populations... 72

Figure 3.1. Photo of adult male (above) and female (below) chum salmon individuals caught in the Yangyang Namdae Stream (YNW) from South Korea. 85

Figure 3.2. Geographic distribution of mtDNA control region (CR) haplotypes (a) and microsatellite genotypes (b) from 16 sampling populations (including ten wild... 87

Figure 3.3. Comparisons of the levels of genetic diversity indices, including haplotype richness (HR) at mtDNA CR (a), allelic richness (AR) at ten microsatellite... 98

Figure 3.4. Population genetic structure of Oncorhynchus keta from South Korea. (a) Levels of genetic differentiation (FST) among the 16 populations (including ten wild... 99

Figure 3.5. Global-scale distribution of haplotype lineages (A, B, C) and their proportions in the four regional populations (Korea, Japan, Russia and North America) of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Haplotype distribution (a) and haplotype... 104

Figure 3.6. Comparisons of the level of genetic diversity, including haplotype richness (HR) (a), nucleotide diversity (π) (b), and population-level analyses (57 populations) (c) of mtDNA control region among the four regional populations (Korea,... 105