표제지
요약문
Abstract
Nomenclatures
목차
1. 서론 17
1.1. 연구배경 17
1.2. 연구목적 20
2. 연구 내용 22
2.1. 기체 분사 LPG 엔진 흡기관 체적 설계 22
2.1.1. 모델링의 해석 22
2.1.2. 해석 결과 35
2.1.3. 3D 프린팅을 이용한 흡기관 제작 및 실험 44
2.1.4. 흡기관 체적 설계 연구 결과 46
2.2. LPG 엔진 피스톤 압축비 및 캐비티 설계 47
2.3. NRTC 냉시동 운전을 위한 프로판 증발 장치 개발 방안 50
2.3.1. 프로판 증발 실험 장치 구성 54
2.3.2. 프로판 증발 실험 결과 55
2.4. Stage V 만족 엔진 실험 58
2.4.1. 엔진 구성 58
2.4.2. 엔진 실험 결과 60
2.5. LPG 엔진의 배출가스 법규 개정(안) 제안 64
3. 연구 결론 67
4. 참고문헌 68
5. 부록 71
5.1. 유럽(EU)의 비도로 가스 엔진 Stage V 배출가스 기준 71
5.2. 미국의 SI 엔진 배출허용 기준 74
5.3. 엔진 시험 장치 77
Table 1-1. Comparison of characteristics of various fuels 18
Table 2-1. Engine specification of this study 29
Table 2-2. Condition for the Analysis 30
Table 2-3. Improved intake manifold specification 32
Table 2-4. Intake Manifold change rate 33
Table 2-5. An investigation of a study on the compression ratio of LPG engines 47
Table 2-6. Changes in piston design variables 48
Table 2-7. Experimental equipments of engine cell 58
Table 2-8. Stage V emission standards for Equipment with SI engines 62
Table 2-9. Measured results of NRTC mode 62
Table 2-10. Measured results of NRSC mode 63
Table 2-11. Emission gas reduction efficiency standard 66
Table 2-12. Amendment of emission gas reduction efficiency standard(draft) 66
Table 5-1. Stage V emission standards for hand-held Si engines below 19kW(NRSh) 71
Table 5-2. Stage V emission standards for non-hand-held SI engines below 56kW(NRS) 72
Table 5-3. Stage V emission standards for nonroad engines(NRE) 72
Table 5-4. Stage V emission standards for generator set engines above 560kW(NRG) 73
Table 5-5. Emission standards for SI engines under 19kW 74
Table 5-6. Emission standards for non-emergency gasoline and rich-burning liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) engines exceeding 19kW 75
Table 5-7. Emission standards for natural gas(NG) and lean burn LPG engines exceeding 19kW(25hp) and less than 75kW 75
Table 5-8. Emission standards for natural gas (NG) and lean burn LPG engines over 75kW 76
Table 5-9. Specification of engine dynamometer 77
Table 5-10. Specifications of the exhaust gas analyzer 78
Table 5-11. Specifications of the exhaust gas analyzer 79
Table 5-12. Specification of PN measuring equipment 82
Table 5-13. Specification of PM measuring equipment 83
Fig. 1-1. Total carbon emissions of various fuels 17
Fig. 1-2. U.S./European Union Non-road Diesel Engine Emission Standards 20
Fig. 2-1. Systems of fuel injection 22
Fig. 2-2. Comparison of mixture formation systems for LPG engines 23
Fig. 2-3. Variation of volumetric efficiency with an engine of this work as a function of Mach Index(Z) 25
Fig. 2-4. Control volume for the derivation of equations of fluid flow 26
Fig. 2-5. Diagram of an intake manifold 27
Fig. 2-6. 3D model of initial intake manifold 31
Fig. 2-7. 3D model of improved intake manifold 32
Fig. 2-8. Conversion of 3D Model for 1D Analysis 33
Fig. 2-9. A simulation model of intake manifold of this work 34
Fig. 2-10. RPM-Torque graph of volume change rate 36
Fig. 2-11. RPM-Torque graph of runner length change rate 36
Fig. 2-12. Determination of flatness using kurtosis 38
Fig. 2-13. RPM-Torque graph of Volume change -30% 39
Fig. 2-14. Regression by maximum torque 41
Fig. 2-15. Flow deviation rate for each cylinder 42
Fig. 2-16. Improved intake manifold torque value comparison 43
Fig. 2-17. Fabrication of intake manifold using 3D printer 44
Fig. 2-18. Experiments using 3D printed intake manifold 44
Fig. 2-19. Fabrication of aluminum intake manifold using rapid prototyping 45
Fig. 2-20. Experiment using aluminum intake manifold 45
Fig. 2-21. Optimized design of piston cavity using baseline piston 49
Fig. 2-22. Test cycles used for measurements of emission standards 51
Fig. 2-23. Saturation curve of butane and propane mixtures(B/P=butane/propane) 52
Fig. 2-24. A schematic of experimental system 54
Fig. 2-25. Measured temperatures using infrared temperature camera 55
Fig. 2-26. Measured temperature and mass of propane in a tank 56
Fig. 2-27. A schematic of engine cell 58
Fig. 2-28. Measured results of NRTC mode 60
Fig. 2-29. Comparison of NRSC mode and NRTC mode 61
Fig. 2-30. Comparison of NRTC mode, NRSC mode and Stage V emissions 63
Fig. 5-1. Measuring principle of PN measuring equipment 82